AFST 101 Chapter Notes -Yellow Fever, Organic Matter, Africana Studies

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kimberly-servande

2 Jul 2022

School

Binghamton University

Department

Africana Studies

Course

AFST 101

Professor

Bouânani

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Document Summary

Chapter 1: physical content of african history: geography and environment. Chapter 1 discusses the various physical features within africa and the challenges they cause. For instance, the equator runs directly through africa causing variable terrain and climate in the large continent. From north to south a pattern of environments occurs: the mediterranean, desert, savannah, rain forest, savannah, desert, mediterranean. Africa has a diverse physical setting; however, it causes many challenges to people living there. Most african soils are too poor for farming sustainable food for people. The soils are ancient, highly leached, and weathered. There is not as much organic material in the soil to fertilize crops due to the hot weather year-round causing materials to decompose year-round. This is in contrast with the soils here in new york where we have all four seasons. Organic material in the soil would be preserved during winter and then would give a way to fertile soil in spring.

Related Questions

Density Laboratory: Will choose bes answer

Materials & Apparatus:

Water

Food coloring (red, blue, green)

Salt

4 â 50 mL Erlenmeyer flasks

Transparency (or other stiff flat paper or plastic sheet)

Funnel (optional)

9x13 or 9x9 or 8x8 cake pan

Paper hole punch

Tape (Scotch type)

Duct Tape or clay

Pepper

Procedure:

Effect of temperature on density

Fill two Erlenmeyer flasks with cold tap water and two Erlenmeyer flasks with warm tap water. Add two drops of blue food coloring to the flasks of cold water and 2 drops of red food coloring to the flasks with warm water. Stir the flasks to mix (straw or chop stick should work well). The flasks should be full to the brim.

Place a transparency square over the mouth of one of the warm flasks and carefully invert it over one of the cold flasks. Remove the transparency square from between the flasks. What happens? Record observations.

Repeat the procedure, this time inverting a cold flask over a warm flask. What happens? Record observations.

What is the relationship between temperature and density? How does this explain your observations of the two sets of flasks?

Effect of salinity on density

Rinse the flasks you used above. Add two spoonfuls of salt to two of the flasks and dissolve the salt in tap water (a funnel may be useful here). Fill the flasks to the brim with additional tap water. Place a drop or two of food coloring in each flask so you can distinguish this salt water from fresh water

Fill the remaining two flasks with tap water at the same temperature as the previous two flasks. These flasks contain no salt or food coloring, but like the saltwater flasks should be completely full with water.

Place a transparency square over one of the flasks of fresh water and carefully invert it over a flask of salt water. Remove the square from between the flasksand observe them for a few minutes. What happens? Record observations.

Repeat the procedure, but this time, invert a flask of salt water over a flask of fresh water. Again, remove the transparency square from between the flasks and observe them for a few minutes. What happens? Record observations.

What is the relationship between the salinity of water and its density?

The mystery of the Strait of Gibraltar

The Strait of Gibraltar is an 8-mile wide channel of water that connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. Until the construction of the Suez Canal in 1869, the Strait of Gibraltar was the only connection between the Mediterranean Sea and the Earthâs oceans. See image

Image taken from HYPERLINK "http://www.acklamgrange.org.uk/kensuke/Spain.htm" \t "_top" www.acklamgrange.org.uk/kensuke/Spain.htm

Beginning with Phoenician explorers in approximately 800 BC, many sailors passing through the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea noticed a strong inward current, with water traveling as fast as two meters per second. When later explorations found no outlet from the Mediterranean, many began to wonder how this sea could continually fill with water without the water level rising. (This is like leaving a bathtub faucet running and finding that the bathtub never overflows.) Some thought an underwater drain was responsible for letting water out of the Mediterranean, whereas others thought the outflow occurred through an undiscovered strait similar to Gibraltar. Neither is true

What explains the mystery of the Strait of Gibraltar?

Develop a hypothesis for this question (before you read through the experiment).

In this activity, you will build a model of the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar to develop an explanation.

Obtain a cake pan or similar container and an overhead transparency. Cut from the transparency a piece of plastic big enough to serve as a divider across the center of the pan. Using a paper punch, make two holes in the divider, one hole near the top (for surface currents) and one near the bottom (for underwater currents). Temporarily seal each hole with a piece of tape (fold back one end to make a tab). Place the divider in the center of the pan, attaching it to the bottom and sides of the pan with duct tape or clay.

Oceanographers have discovered that the water of the Mediterranean Sea is saltier than the water of the Atlantic Ocean. Make some âsea waterâ by dissolving two teaspoons of salt per cup of tap water in a container other than your pan (youâll need about 6-7 cups for a 9x13 pan, 4-5 cups for a 9x9 pan). Add green food coloring to the container to distinguish this salty âMediterraneanâ water from the water of the Atlantic Ocean (tap water to which no salt and no food coloring has been added). Your Atlantic Ocean should be the same volume of water as your âMediterraneanâ water.

Slowly and simultaneously pour the green salt water into one half of the pan (this is the âMediterraneanâ side) and tap water into the other half of the pan (this is the âAtlantic Oceanâ side). The water level on both sides should be just high enough to partially cover the top hole in the plastic divider. Sprinkle pepper flakes in the âAtlanticâ side of the pan.

Carefully remove the pieces of tape covering the holes in the divider. Observe the movement of food coloring and pepper. Which way does the green salt water move? Which way does the pepper move? Record observations.

Assignment Questions (all work must be shown for all calculations):

Using the results of your lab, complete all the questions below.

Upload one picture representative of your experiment with this report to the appropriate D2L Brightspace Assignments folder.

Answer all the bolded questions throughout the lab.

In part I of this exercise (temperature and density), you may have noticed a purple color develop where the waters mixed. What is the temperature of this water relative to the water in the red and blue flasks?

If you have ever gone swimming in a deep lake you many have noticed the temperature drops off sharply as you go down only 1 or 2 meters. Explain using what you have learned in this experiment.

Plankton are small or microscopic organisms that float in the surface waters of lakes or oceans. Plankton are essential to the survival of all other aquatic life, as they are the base of the food chain. For their growth, plankton depend on nutrients dissolved or suspended in water. Such nutrient-rich water, however, often is denser that other water and therefore sinks to the bottom of lakes and oceans, where it is unavailable to plankton. If the water is undisturbed, the nutrients may remain on the bottom for such a long time that the plankton may die, as well as the other aquatic life that depend on plankton for their survival. Fortunately, changes in water temperature can cause water to mix, bringing the nutrients to the surface. In light of your experiment, explain how this might happen.

An estuary is the region in which the water from a river mixes with the tidal waters of the ocean. Estuaries are very rich ecosystems, supporting a wide variety of plant and animal life. Would you expect halophytic (salt-loving) organisms to live closed to the surface or the bottom of the estuary? In light of your experiment, explain.

In light of your experiment, what is your solution to the mystery of the Strait of Gibraltar? How can water apparently flow into the Mediterranean, but not out?

Hydrometers are used to determine the density of water in car radiators, these tools have lines on them to indicate the density of the liquid they are placed into. Since density varies as a function of the amount of antifreeze (ethylene glycol) added, it is possible to determine the percentage of antifreeze in the radiator and the temperature at which it would freeze. Knowing the density of ethylene glycol to be 0.958 and the density for water is approximately 1.0,would a radiator containing fluid with a density of 0.976 or 0.989 be better prepared for cold weather? Explain.

As temperatures in an African savanna increase and rainfall decreases, it would most likely change into

tiaga

desert

tropical rainforest

temperate forest

What is imprinting? Give an example.

fixed assocation, such as hatching ducks recognizing the first animal they see as their mother

a learned behavior, such as a wasp circling during a search for food, so that it can return to its nest

alteration of instinct, such as a spider changing the type of web it weaves depending upon the environment

Opportunistic species

provide extensive care for their offspring

produce many offspring

reproduce later in life

What are the five agents of microevolution?

gamete production; mating; fertilization; caring for offspring; formation of herds

photosynthesis; respiration; mitosis; meiosis; fertilization

mutation; gene flow; nonrandom mating; genetic drift; natural selection

Microevolution is

new species

minor extinction of species

changes in allele frequency in a population

Which of the following is does not help defend against predators?

Toxins made by plants that injure caterpillars feeding on the plant

The large eyespots on a moth's wing that can startle a hungry bird

Thorns on a plant

Many plants have brightly colored fruit and flowers

Humans have a favored birth weight, neither too small nor too large. This is

stabilizing selection

disruptive selection

artificial selection

directional selection

What is a keystone species?

the first organism that populates an area

an organism upon which the entire ecosystem depends

the first fossils found in the earliest rock strata

As temperatures in the Arctic warm, which of the following changes may occur?

Tundra will be replaced by taiga

Taiga will be replaced by tundra

Temperate forest will be replaced by taiga

Tundra will be replaced by desert

Taiga will be replaced by temperate rain forest

What is desertification?

restoration of vegetation and water to deserts

areas adjacent to deserts also become deserts

abandonment of a habitat by animals

Evolution occurs at the level of

individuals

populations

communities

The maximum population that the environment can support is called the

biotic potential

environmental resistance

carrying capacity

replacement reproduction

demographic transition

A population with relatively more pre-reproductive individuals is common in _____-developed countries

less

Endangered species sometimes breed in captivity. Why are such species endangered in the wild?

Their population density is too high

Loss of habitat

Their environment is polluted

Abiotic components of an ecosystem include

only animal life

only plant life

living components only

nonliving components only

both living and nonliving components

Carbon returns to the atmosphere

as carbon dioxide

from respiration of plants

by the burning of fossil fuels

from respiration of animals

All of the answer choices are correct

Why does the Tropical Rain Forest contain an abundance of antibiotic compounds?

The area is crowded, leading to random production of useful compounds

The area is wet. plants had to develop resistance to fungi and bacterial infections

There is a great diversity of plants, leading to random production of useful compounds

The carrying capacity of the environment for a species is determined by

the reproductive rate of the organism

the number of organisms of that species

the state and national wildlife laws pertaining to that species

a complex

the limited productivity of the environment and the environmental resistance to the biotic potential of the organism

An introduced species that breeds and spreads is

resourceful

harmful

native

dominant

invasive

What is disruptive selection?

environmental influences that select against change

environmental influences that promote one phenotype versus all others

environmental influences that promote two or more phenotypes versus all others

Natural selection acts on

individuals

populations

communities

Two populations of birds live in the same area but have different sleep/wake cycles. This is

behavorial isolation

mechanical isolation

geographical isolation

temporal isolation

An insect that resembles the face of a snake avoids predation by

camouflage

warning coloration

mimicry

chemical defense

mutualism

Unselfish acts that help others in a group so that they increase their chances of surviving and reproducing is called

imprinting

mimicry

altruism

learning

instinct

If an environment changes rapidly, organisms with ____ will be more likely to survive and reproduce.

the correct allele frequency

existing neutral mutations

existing beneficial mutations

How did geology influence Darwinâs thoughts?

It demonstrated that the earth was very old, therefore there was enough time for species to evolve

it demonstrated that all continents were similar

it demonstrated the presence of many fossils

The founder effect occurs when

large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves

many members of a population die, resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity

many members of a population reproduce causing too much genetic diversity within the population

small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves.

The greenhouse effect is due to high atmospheric

Nitrogen

Ammonia

Carbon monoxide

Carbon dioxide

Oxygen

What are the Reproductive Barriers that keep species separate?

lack of food; lack of habitat; lack of potential mates; lack of nesting sites; lack of genetic variation

mountains; canyons; glaciers; bodies of water (for terrestrial animals); areas of land (for aquatic animals)

habitat isolation; temporal isolation; behavioral isolation; mechanical isolation; gamete isolation

What is directional selection?

environmental influences that select against change

environmental influences that promote one phenotype versus all others

environmental influences that promote two or more phenotypes versus all others

Which of the following is correct when describing a predator-prey cycle?

A decline in the numbers of predators causes a decline in the number of prey

A decline in the numbers of prey causes a decline in the number of predators

An increase in the number of predators triggers an increase in the number of prey

An up-and-down cycle will be seen for the prey animal

A seasonal die-off that will occur without the other species present

Why are top-level predators (lions, eagles, humans) so rare in a community?

Only a small amount of the energy is passed from one trophic level to the next

They do not breed as fast as other animals

Because of predation by higher predators

It is difficult for them to learn how to capture prey

Their job is to keep the population size of other animals in check

Alleles conferring bright color to male guppies are common because

they make males less visible to predators

they help males identify each other

they are preferred by females

Organisms that obtain their energy from producers or other consumers are

autotroph

heterotroph

producer

autotroph and producer

heterotroph and producer

What is the environmental impact of strip mining?

lack of trees exposes the surface of the earth, promoting runoff and loss of adjacent trees

removal of minerals from the soil hampers growth of vegetation

it causes a potential increase in volcanic activity

Two populations of squirrels are separated by a mountain range and would not be capable of interbreeding. This is an example of:

behavorial isolation

mechanical isolation

geographical isolation

temporal isolation

What is a danger of overfishing?

humans will become dependent upon fish

selection for smarter fish that can avoid being caught

driving the population back into the lag phase

What is meant by prezygotic versus postzygotic speciation mechanisms?

before versus after formation of a zygote

before versus after meiosis

before versus after gamete formation

The relatively short term changes in allele frequencies within a species or population is

artificial selection

microevolution.

speciation

macroevolution

Avoidance of a location with predators is the result of

imprinting

mimicry

altruism

learning

instinct

What is the difference between Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Factors on populations?

density-dependent factors exert a greater influence when there are more individuals; density-independent exerts the same influence on all individuals regardless of their number

density-dependent factors exert a greater influence on larger, more dense individuals; density-independent factors exert the same impact on individuals of all size

density-dependent factors exert the same influence on all individuals regardless of their number; density-independent factors exert a greater influence when there are more individuals regardless of their number

All of the organisms in a given location or area is termed a

peer group

flock

community

population

herd

The concentration of the pesticide DDT would be highest in

a minnow

a mosquito larva

a seagull

plankton

algae

Our biosphere is

the Earth

the atmosphere

the ocean

land on Earth

fresh and salt water

What is meant by âcarrying capacityâ?

the amount of food produced in an ecosystem

the extent of energy required to maintain an ecosystem

the number of individuals that can be supported by an ecosystem

Species living on another is

resource partitioning

coevolution

symbiosis

predation

niche sharing

One species feeding on another is

competition

a community

an ecosystem

predation

symbiosis

Populations of different species interacting with one another in a natural environment is called

competition

a community

a biome

predation

symbiosis

Which of the following is not a biogeochemical cycle?

ATP cycle

water cycle

carbon cycle

phosphorus cycle

nitrogen cycle

Horses became larger and faster to escape predators. This is

stabilizing selection

disruptive selection

artificial selection

directional selection

Chapters 3 and 4- Critical Thinking and Discussion Questions

Answer the following questions for Chapter 3:

1.Compare and contrast the history of bacteria and the history of the human species.

2. What are some factors that might cause microclimates to develop within larger ecosystems?

Answer the following questions for Chapter 4:

3. Some people assert that human population growth is the sole environmental problem affecting the planet. Do you agree? Why or why not?

4. Do you think that buying greener products has a net positive effect on limiting climate change, reducing pollution, preserving biodiversity, and so forth? Or do you think that buying biodegradable, nontoxic, and recyclable products simply spurs more consumption?

6. What are your thoughts on Consumerism?

AFST 101 Chapter Notes -Yellow Fever, Organic Matter, Africana Studies

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