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GEC 007 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Rudolf Virchow, Matthias Jakob Schleiden, Theodor Schwann

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18 Jun 2022

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Technological Institute of the Philippines

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Document Summary

He was an english scientist and was born july 18, 1635. He was the one who wrote the book micrographia . Micrographia is the first important book to be published about microscopy, study of object through a microscope. While looking at a cork, hooke observed a box-shaped structures later he called it cells . The classical cell theory was proposed by theodor schwann in 1839. Cells were coming from pre-existing cells that multiplied which was describe by rudolf. He revised the theories of schwann & schleiden and interpreted as the cell is the basic unit of life.

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Related Questions

What's Inside a Plant?

In this activity you will view images of the inside of real plants and label their different structures. This will help familiarize you with the different parts of a plant and their internal structures.

Assignment:

In this assignment you will review information about plants and the functions of their various parts. As you review, there are diagrams below which display the different plant parts. Each part has a corresponding number for you to write down and label using the BLUE BOLDED words that you find throughout the review. Then you will answer some discussion questions.

Plant Part Review:

Plants are made of many different parts. There are two main types of plants, angiosperms and gymnosperms. This assignment will focus on angiosperms. Angiosperms are separated based on how many seed leaves, or cotyledons, they have, and are broken up into two major groups, the monocots and dicots. Each type has differences between their arrangements of vascular bundles, roots, stems, leaves, and flowers.

Vascular bundles are transportation tubes that run throughout each part of the plant. They are made of xylem and phloem. Xylem is a type of vascular bundle that transports nutrients such as water and minerals. Xylem only transport nutrients upward from the roots and throughout a plant. Phloem is a type of vascular bundle that transports sugars. Phloem transport sugars in any direction throughout a plant.

The stem, roots, and leaves are made of three types of tissues: dermal, ground, and vascular, and each type of tissue serves a different purpose.

Roots are the part of a plant that is underground. Roots hold the plant down in the ground and absorb nutrients from the soil such as water and dissolved minerals. Dermal tissue and root hairs surround the roots and absorb nutrients and help with gas exchange. Ground tissue at the center of the roots, called the cortex, stores the products of photosynthesis.

Stems are the part of a plant that hold the different vascular tissues. They provide structure for a plant to grow vertically and support its branches and leaves. Stems can also photosynthesize by capturing sunlight in the chlorophyll of the chloroplasts in plant cells. The dermal tissue of stems forms a cuticle that surrounds the stem with a thick, waxy coat to prevent water loss. The stem also has a simple epidermis that sloughs off as the plant grows. Ground tissue can be found surrounding each vascular bundle as well as the pith in the center of the stem. The vascular tissue in stems forms the vascular bundles found sporadically placed throughout the stem.

Leaves are the part of a plant responsible for most of the sunlight capture and photosynthesis. Their purpose is to capture energy from sunlight with chlorophyll that is in the chloroplasts of the cells. Dermal tissue makes up the cuticle and epidermis of the leaf and these have small openings called stomata for gas exchange. The ground tissue in leaves makes up the mesophyll where sunlight is absorbed. The veins of the leaf are made of vascular tissue that distribute the products of photosynthesis throughout a plant.

Flowers are the part of a plant that contain its reproductive organs. They also house the seeds. Pollinators are attracted to the colorful petals of the flowers and help distribute pollen grains to other flowers. The female reproductive organ is the pistil. The pistil is made of stigma that catch pollen, the style that carries pollen to the seed, and the ovary and ovules that hold the seeds. The male reproductive organ is the stamen. The stamen contains the anther which holds sacs of pollen and is supported by the filament.

Below are the diagrams of each plant part to label with the blue bolded words that are found in the review above.

These images below are of a leaf. The image on the left is a microscopic image of a leaf, and the image on the right is a close-up image of a leaf with parallel veins.

The image on the left is a microscopic image of a flower petal. The image on the right displays the reproductive organs of a flower. Below these is the diagram of a flower with a number for each part you will label.

Discussion Questions:

1. Where are seeds kept until they are fertilized?

2. What is the male reproductive cell that fertilizes seeds?

3. What is the purpose of vascular bundles?

4. What is the purpose of the stem?

5. What is the primary purpose of a leaf?

6. What part of a leaf allows for gas exchange?

7. What is a function of the roots?

8. What extends from the roots to give it more surface area to absorb water?

Submission:

You will submit a list of the numbered parts for both the diagram of a leaf and a flower as well as responses to the discussion questions.

Grading Rubric

What's Inside a Plant?

In this activity you will view images of the inside of real plants and label their different structures. This will help familiarize you with the different parts of a plant and their internal structures.

Assignment:

In this assignment you will review information about plants and the functions of their various parts. As you review, there are diagrams below which display the different plant parts. Each part has a corresponding number for you to write down and label using the BLUE BOLDED words that you find throughout the review. Then you will answer some discussion questions.

Plant Part Review:

Plants are made of many different parts. There are two main types of plants, angiosperms and gymnosperms. This assignment will focus on angiosperms. Angiosperms are separated based on how many seed leaves, or cotyledons, they have, and are broken up into two major groups, the monocots and dicots. Each type has differences between their arrangements of vascular bundles, roots, stems, leaves, and flowers.

Vascular bundles are transportation tubes that run throughout each part of the plant. They are made of xylem and phloem. Xylem is a type of vascular bundle that transports nutrients such as water and minerals. Xylem only transport nutrients upward from the roots and throughout a plant. Phloem is a type of vascular bundle that transports sugars. Phloem transport sugars in any direction throughout a plant.

The stem, roots, and leaves are made of three types of tissues: dermal, ground, and vascular, and each type of tissue serves a different purpose.

Roots are the part of a plant that is underground. Roots hold the plant down in the ground and absorb nutrients from the soil such as water and dissolved minerals. Dermal tissue and root hairs surround the roots and absorb nutrients and help with gas exchange. Ground tissue at the center of the roots, called the cortex, stores the products of photosynthesis.

Stems are the part of a plant that hold the different vascular tissues. They provide structure for a plant to grow vertically and support its branches and leaves. Stems can also photosynthesize by capturing sunlight in the chlorophyll of the chloroplasts in plant cells. The dermal tissue of stems forms a cuticle that surrounds the stem with a thick, waxy coat to prevent water loss. The stem also has a simple epidermis that sloughs off as the plant grows. Ground tissue can be found surrounding each vascular bundle as well as the pith in the center of the stem. The vascular tissue in stems forms the vascular bundles found sporadically placed throughout the stem.

Student Resource

Leaves are the part of a plant responsible for most of the sunlight capture and photosynthesis. Their purpose is to capture energy from sunlight with chlorophyll that is in the chloroplasts of the cells. Dermal tissue makes up the cuticle and epidermis of the leaf and these have small openings called stomata for gas exchange. The ground tissue in leaves makes up the mesophyll where sunlight is absorbed. The veins of the leaf are made of vascular tissue that distribute the products of photosynthesis throughout a plant.

Flowers are the part of a plant that contain its reproductive organs. They also house the seeds. Pollinators are attracted to the colorful petals of the flowers and help distribute pollen grains to other flowers. The female reproductive organ is the pistil. The pistil is made of stigma that catch pollen, the style that carries pollen to the seed, and the ovary and ovules that hold the seeds. The male reproductive organ is the stamen. The stamen contains the anther which holds sacs of pollen and is supported by the filament.

Below are the diagrams of each plant part to label with the blue bolded words that are found in the review above.

These images below are of a leaf. The image on the left is a microscopic image of a leaf, and the image on the right is a close-up image of a leaf with parallel veins.

Discussion Questions:

Where are seeds kept until they are fertilized?
What is the male reproductive cell that fertilizes seeds?
What is the purpose of vascular bundles?
What is the purpose of the stem?
What is the primary purpose of a leaf?
What part of a leaf allows for gas exchange?
What is a function of the roots?
What extends from the roots to give it more surface area to absorb water?

Submission:

You will submit a list of the numbered parts for both the diagram of a leaf and a flower as well as responses to the discussion questions.

Diffusion Lab

In this lab you will investigate how molecules transport in a cell through diffusion and osmosis. You will observe both diffusion and osmosis using an egg and three different substances. You will write a hypothesis, perform an experiment, record observations, collect data, and answer questions after the lab. Below you will find the materials needed for the lab, the procedure for conducting the lab, and a sample layout for your lab notebook page.

Background Information:

The cell membrane surrounds every cell and is the organelle that regulates what moves into and out of a cell. They are selectively permeable which means they only allow certain things to move across the membrane.

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration. It is a type of passive transport meaning that it does not require energy from the cell.

Osmosis is the process where water molecules diffuse across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

For the Lab:

This lab should be done over four consecutive days. You will need to obtain these materials. You should create a lab notebook page to record your hypothesis, observations, and write your conclusions. You can create the notebook page on paper or on a computer.

1 raw egg
Container that will hold 2 cups or more (It should be large enough to fully submerge the egg in a liquid)
Tape measure
Vinegar
Corn syrup
Distilled water
Plastic Wrap

Note: Nothing in this lab should harm you, but be careful and ask for help if you need it. Wash your hands every time after you handle the egg and clean your lab area after each day. If you need assistance get adult supervision.

Lab Procedure:

Start by writing a hypothesis to answer the following experiment question: Make sure the hypothesis is in the "if, then" format.

What happens to a raw egg when it is covered first in vinegar, then corn syrup, and then distilled water?

Perform the experiment over 4 consecutive days at about the same time each day. Below you will find instructions for each day:

1. Measure the egg's circumference in centimeters using the tape measure. Record the measurement on the observation table.

2. Record any "before" observations about the egg's appearance (color, shape, texture, size).

3. Carefully place the egg in the container and add vinegar until the egg is fully covered.

4. Cover the container with plastic wrap and leave overnight.

1. Very carefully take the egg out of the vinegar and dry it off.

2. Measure the egg's circumference using the tape measure. Record the measurement on your observation table.

3. Record any "after" observations on your observation table.

4. Clean out the container with soap and water and place the egg back in the container.

5. Add corn syrup until the egg is fully covered. Record any "before" observations on your observation table.

6. Cover with plastic wrap and leave overnight.

1. Repeat steps 1-4 from Day 2 .

2. Add distilled water to the container until the egg is fully covered. Record any "before" observations on your observation table.

3. Cover with plastic wrap and leave overnight.

1. Repeat steps 1-3 from Day 2 .

2. Clean the container and throw away the egg.

When recording the circumference of the egg do so in centimeters. Your observations should describe the appearance of the egg and any other important facts you notice. Look at the color, size, shape, texture and anything that changes about the egg throughout the experiment.

Below is a sample of how to set up your lab page to record your experimental data. You should leave as much space as needed for each part.

Sample Lab Notebook Setup:

Observation Table

Post-Lab Questions:

1.Describe what happened to the egg after soaking it in vinegar for 24 hours.

2.Describe what happened to the egg after soaking it in corn syrup for 24 hours.

3.Describe what happened to the egg after soaking it in the distilled water for 24 hours.

4.How did you see diffusion and osmosis in this lab?

Fill in the chart as you go through the experiment. When done with the experiment answer the post lab questions. Submit your lab page with your observations and answers to the post-lab questions. You can submit either a picture of your work or upload a document.

Things to remember:

Qualitative observations describe appearance (color, texture, shape, size, smell, etc.)
The variables in this lab are vinegar, corn syrup, and distilled water.
The controlled variables are the egg, beaker, and the time the egg is exposed to each substance.
The independent variable is the substance the egg is submerged in (vinegar, corn syrup, and distilled water).
The dependent variable is what happens to the egg after being exposed to the three different substances.

Biology Special Lesson: Diffusion Lab

This rubric is an outline of how the lab information you submit will be graded.