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ANAT1053 Chapter Notes -Centromere, Cell Nucleus, Telomere

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peterliban
12 Jun 2022
School
George Brown College
Department
ANAT
Course
ANAT1053
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Document Summary

Review - meiosis: (the genetic code in their cells) chromosomes. Genetics: genes carry the information needed to construct new human beings. Two copies of the recessive allele need to be present in order for trait. If two people"s genotypes are different, will their phenotypes be different also: (the physical expression / observed properties) Different versions of a gene to be expressed. If both your copies of a gene are the same, you are homozygous. If you are heterozygous for a recessive trait and do not show it, you are a carrier. Used to predict the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype. 1 out of 4 = bb (purple flower) 2 out of 4 = bb (purple flower) 1 out of 4 = bb (white flower) 3 out of 4 are purple (bb, bb) 1 out of 4 is white (bb) 1 out of 4 = bb 2 out of 4 = bb 1 out of 4 = bb.

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Related Questions

Which processes contribute directly to genetic variaion?

? What is meant by ploidy? Diploid? Haploid?

? Know the phases of meiosis?

? Know the differences between meiosis and mitosis.

? What is the major difference between metaphase of mitosis and metaphase I of meiosis?

? What is the major difference between meiosis II & mitosis?

? What is crossing over? ? What is synapsis?

? What are chiasmata?

? What are autosomes?

? What are sex chromosomes? What are the sex chromosomes in human male? Human female?

? What are homologous chromosomes?

? What is genetic recombination?

? What is fertilization? What are gametes?

? What are histones? What is chromatin?

? How many autosomes do humans have? Have many pairs of autosomes? How many pairs of sex chromosomes? What is the total number of chromosomes that human have? ? What are the sites of crossing over called?

? What is a karyotype?

? What is Down syndrome?

? What is polyploidy?

? What is nondisjunction?

? What is trisomy and monosomy

I'll be thankful if someone can help me to do this!

According to this:

Read the following New York Times article and then answer the questions below and then answer the questions New Clues to Sex Anomalies in How Y Chromosomes Are Copied

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/15/science/15chrom.html?scp=1&sq=sex%20anomalies&st=cse

This activity contains 5 questions.

1. When discarding bad genes, what does the Y chromosome recombine with?
the other Y chromosome
the compliment X chromosome
itself
nothing
2. What holds a pair of copied chromosomes together?
chromatid
centrosome
centromere
chromatin
3. A person with Turner's syndrome has which of the following?
a single X chromosome
two X chromosomes
a single Y chromosome
two Y chromosomes
4. Where is the male-determining gene on the Y chromosome?
close to the end of the right arm
close to the end of the left arm
near the middle of the right arm
near the middle of the left arm

5.

Briefly explain how an individual can have some cells with no Y chromosome and other cells with a double-Y chromosome . (in your response, go beyond the article, search the web, use experiences from your life, broaden your horizons)

You must make 2 reflective, thoughtful, deep, constructive critiques of your class mates posts. as part of a threaded discussion following their initial post. The critiques must not about you, but about science!

Here's the first peson. Needs to reply for some of her answers as it says above.

1. When discarding bad genes, the Y chromosomes recombines with itself.

2. The centromere functions to hold a pair of copied chromosomes together.

3. A person with Turner’s syndrome is born with a single X chromosome.

4. The male-determining gene on the Y chromosome is located close to the end of the left arm.

5. An individual can have some cells with no Y chromosomes and other cells with double Y chromosomes, due to the differing variants present in regards to the genotypes of the cells in a single individual. When the Y chromosome is compared to other chromosomes such as the X chromosome, mutations and deviation in the distance of the centromere are much more prevalent due to the Y chromosome lacking a backup system to promote repairs.1 (Links to an external site.) Even if a mutation caused a condition such as the XYY syndrome where two Y chromosomes are present, that mutation and genotype would not be present in every single cell of the individual.2 (Links to an external site.) The presence of different genotypes offers an tentative explanation to as why a single individual can have some cells with no Y chromosomes while also housing other cells with double Y chromosomes.

Source 1 http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/15/science/15chrom.html

Source 2 https://www.healthline.com/health/xyy-syndrome

Here's the second person. Needs to do the same as it says above.

1. Itself

2. Centromere

3. A single X chromosome

4. Close to the end of the left arm

5. Briefly explain how an individual can have some cells with no Y chromosome and other cells with a double-Y chromosome.

In some cases, the Y chromosome reaches over to a neighboring counterpart and the two chromosomes fuse. This results in the loss of part of the chromosome. Jacob’s Syndrome is sometimes also called XYY syndrome because the person has two Y chromosomes. Although a person can survive with this genetic mutation, some physical traits may be observed such as taller than average height, weak muscle development or late speech development.

Source 1 https://www.healthline.com/health/xyy-syndrome

Source 2 http://www.isna.org/faq/y_chromosome

What is a genome? What is a genome made of? Describe the bacterial genome. How do bacteria reproduce? What is binary fission? Distinguish between a chromosome and chromatin. Where are chromosomes located in eukaryotic cells? What is the chromosome made of? What is a centromere? What is the centromere's role? What are sister chromatids and how do they arise? Distinguish between somatic cells and germ (gametes) cells. Describe the cell cycle. What are the different phases? What occurs during S phase? What is interphase? How is the cell cycle controlled?

Describe mitosis. What are the phases of mitosis? What occurs in each of the phases of mitosis? What is cytokinesis? How does this differ between plant and animal cells? What is a kinetochore? Where does it form? What is its role? What is the role of microtubules in mitosis? What is a centriole and what is it composed of? What is a centrosome and what is its role in mitosis? What is the metaphase plate and why is this important? What is the mitotic spindle, its role and its makeup? What defines a diploid cell? How many copies of each chromosome is in a diploid cell? What about a haploid cell? Why do the daughter cells of mitosis always have the same complement of chromosomes?

Describe meiosis. What are the phases of meiosis? What occurs in each of the phases of meiosis? Distinguish between meiosis I and meiosis II and describe how each of these processes compare to mitosis. Why do animal cells undergo meiosis? What is a gamete? What is a zygote? What are recombination, crossing-over, and chiasma? When and why does this occur? What is meant by 'homologous pair of chromosomes'? Why don't the daughter cells of meiosis have the same genetic makeup? What controls the segregation of chromosomes into the gametes?

What are genetic characters? What are genetic traits? What is an allele? What is a locus? How many alleles at each locus would a human cell have and why? Distinguish between genotype and phenotype. What is meant by a dominant gene? What is meant by a recessive gene? How do these differ? What is the genotype of a homozygous dominant organism? What is its phenotype? What is the genotype of a homozygous recessive organism? What is its phenotype? What is the genotype of a heterozygous organism? What is its phenotype? What is a genetic cross? Distinguish between the P, F1, and F2 generations. What is a true-breeding line? What is the genotype and phenotype of a cross between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive parents? If the F1 progeny are crossed, what would be the genotype and phenotype of the F2 generation? What would be the phenotypic ratio? What would be the genotypic ratio? Be ready to generate Punnet square tests or probability analyses of crosses involving more than one genetic locus. Describe a dihybrid cross where two alleles are homozygous dominant in one parent and homozygous recessive in the other. What would be the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation from this dihybrid cross? What is meant by independent assortment? Be prepared to calculate probabilities resulting from different crosses.

Distinguish between complete and incomplete dominance. How would incomplete dominance alter the results of a hybrid cross? What would the resulting F2 generation phenotype and genotype ratios be? What is codominance? How does this affect the results of crosses? Be prepared to determine likely blood types of parents based on the blood types of their offspring. What is a polygenic trait? What is a carrier state for a genetic disease? What is meant by linked genes? How does this affect expected outcomes of genetic crosses? How is gene linkage used for chromosomal mapping? Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes. What sex chromosomes are found in women? What sex chromosomes are found in men? What are sex-linked traits? Be prepared to give the results of crosses that involve sex-linked recessive traits. What is the process of nondisjunction? What are the likely results? Why is this important? What is a Barr body? Recognize the genetic abnormality of Downs Syndrome, Turner's Syndrome, and Klinefelter's Syndrome.