BIOL 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Dna Replication, S Phase, Cell Division

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13 Sep 2016

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You have to replicate the dna in order to make a new cell. Cell division-one cell splitting into two cells. For this to happen, dna replication happens in the nucleus. Somatic-any cell that is not a egg or sperm. Prokaryotic cells have one chromosome that is circular. It is attached at 1 site to cell membrane. (chloroplast and mitochondria also have circular. Prokaryotes divide by binary fission diving in half, 2 identical daughter cells. Parent cells double stranded dna is replicated and an exact copy are created, the cell elongates and get bigger and then begin to pinch in two. Can be bad if it"s a harmful bacterium. One copy of everything-haploid state, egg and sperm state, they have one copy of everything. The somatic cells are diploid, they have one copy form mom and one from dad, two copies of everything. They interact with one another to see which is expressed. Process of somatic/body cell division is mitosis.

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M2A1 Worksheet: Mitosis and Meiosis

A dog is a diploid organisms and has 39 pairs of chromosomes (2n = 78), where n = 39 chromosomes from each parent. Use this example to answer the following question regarding chromosomal number.

INTERPHASE

How many chromosomes are present in the somatic cell?

What do they look like?

What are they âdoingâ in G1 of this phase?

What is happening in the S phase?

What is happening in the G2 phase?

What follows G2 phase in a somatic cell?

What follows G2 phase in a gamete cell?

MITOSIS

Number of chromosomes in the parent cell.

Number of chromatids in the parent cell.

Number of chromosomes in the daughter cell.

Number of chromatids in the daughter cell.

How many daughter cells are produced?

Are the daughter cells haploid or diploid?

How many cell divisions take place?

In what type of cell does this division occur?

Meiosis 1:

Number of chromosomes in the parent cell.

Number of chromatids in the parent cell.

Number of chromosomes in each Meiosis I daughter cell.

Number of chromatids in each Meiosis I daughter cell.

Are the daughter cells haploid or diploid at the end of Meiosis 1?

Meiosis II:

Number of chromosomes in the âparentâ cell (which is a daughter cell from Meiosis I).

Number of chromatids in the âparentâ cell.

Number of chromosomes in each Meiosis II daughter cell.

Number of chromatids in each Meiosis II daughter cell.

Are the daughter cells haploid or diploid at the end of Meiosis II?

Which phase or phases of Meiosis account for the genetic variability among the daughter cells? Howâ¦ what happens in this phase to create the diversity?

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosisâ¦..

How many daughter cells result from Mitosis? Are they diploid or haploid?

How many daughter cells result from Meiosis? Are they diploid or Haploid?

Cell structures and function: Match each organelle to its function:

Organelle Function

Lysosome 1. Lipid synthesis

Rough ER 2. Houses DNA

Nucleus 3. Energy extraction

Smooth ER 4. Dismantles debris

Golgi apparatus 5. detoxification

Mitochondria 6. Protein synthesis

Peroxisome 7. Processes secretions

What is the function of checkpoint proteins in the cell cycle?

How can all of a personâs cells contain exactly the same genetic material, yet specialize as bone cells, nerve cells, muscle cells and connective tissues?

What are the 3 primary germ layers?

Briefly, in one or two sentences, distinguish between

a bacterial cell and a eukaryotic cell

interphase and mitosis

mitosis and apoptosis

an autosome and a sex chromosome

homologous pair of chromosomes and a sister chromatid

centromere and centriole

chromosome and chromatid

monozygotic and dizygotic twins

allele and gene

An organism with extensive yolk, such as the chick,

A) has incompletecleavage. D)forms a blastoderm but no blastocoel.

B) has yolk evenly distributed in the egg. E) has completecleavage.

C) fails to synthesize DNA duringcleavage.

Invagination

A) occurs in sea urchins.

B) forms the archenteron in echinoderms.

C) creates unique positions for new cell interactions.

D) requires unique cell movement.

E) All of the above

When the blastopore dorsal lip is grafted from one frog embryoonto a second embryo, the second dorsal lip will

A) change the developmental fate of the surrounding cells.

B) change the polarity of the adjacent segments.

C) cause rapid cell division.

D) block gastrulation.

E) change the prospective potency of the surrounding cells.

Gastrulation in birds differs in many ways from gastrulation infrogs. The main feature that both have in common is that

A) the neural tube forms.

B) somites are created.

C) cells from the surface of the blastocyst migrate to form thegut.

D) three germ layers are established.

E) All of the above

In humans, the secondary oocyte forms:

at ovulation.
during telophase I.
after fertilization.
at birth.
all of the above.

In Ascaris:

The secondary oocyte is fertilized.
Two polar bodies are visible when the secondary oocyte is inprophase II.
Both a haploid and a diploid nucleus are present in a primaryoocyte during early prophase I.
Cell plates are formed during both anaphase I and anaphaseII.
No correct answer is given.

A gastrula is:

a. an embryo that is younger than a blastula.

b. a stage in development that has three tissue layers.

c. a type of egg that has yolk concentrated at one end of thecell.

d. an opening in the center of an early embryo.

e. something else

A human cell containing 22 autosomes and one Y chromosome isa

a. somatic cell of amale b. zygote

c. somatic cell of afemale d. a sperm e. an ovum

The spermatogonium is ________ , and the primary spermatocyteis __________ .

a. diploid,haploid b. haploid, diploid

c. haploid,haploid d. diploid,diploid e. triploid, diploid

The first cavity formed in the rapidly dividing starfish embryois the:

a. Blastoderm. b. Archenteron.

c. Neural groove. d. Blastocoel. e. Trophoblast.

purplegnat545

What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?

Question options:

	chromatin is one of two identical strands of DNA.
	chromosomes are chromatin that has been tightly packed and coiled.
	chromosomes are composed of nucleosomes and chromatin is composed of sister chromatids.
	chromosomes are important in mitosis and chromatin is essential to meiosis.

Bacterial cells only reproduce asexually and cannot exchange genetic material.

Question options:

	True, because they undergo binary fission.
	False, because they transfer genetic material with other bacterial cells.
	True, because they have a cell wall that prevents sharing of genetic material.

After a visit to a specialist, Dan was diagnosed with liver cancer. Six months later additional tumors were found in his stomach and small intestine. This is an example of

Question options:

	malignant tumors.
	benign tumors.
	Both malignant tumors and metastasis are correct.

Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis?

Question options:

	DNA is replicated.
	Replicated chromosomes divide.
	Cells line up along the equator of the cell.

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

Question options:

	prophase -- mitotic spindle forms
	metaphase -- chromosomes line up along the equator
	telophase -- cytoplasm divides

Why is hair loss a common side effect of cancer treatments?

Question options:

Hair cells are at the surface of the body so die easily.

Hair cells divide rapidly and so are targeted by the cancer drugs.

Cancer drugs often target and kill random cells within the body.

From "Investigating Life: Cutting Off a Tumor's Supply Lines in the War on Cancer," how are endostatins used to treat cancerous cells?

Question options:

	They prevent angiogenesis by cancerous cells.
	They promote growth of new blood vessels to feed cells.
	They bind to receptors on cancerous cells and prevent cells from reproducing.

BIOL 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Dna Replication, S Phase, Cell Division

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