ATEC 3361 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Arabic Coffee, International Standard Book Number, Zygosity
1 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Class Exercise: Writing in HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>History of Coffee</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;
charset=UTF-8">
</head>
<body>
<h1>History of coffee</h1>
<img src="cup_of_coffee.jpg" alt="cup of coffee" width="295"
height="194">
<p>The origin and <b>history of <q>coffee</q></b> dates back
to the 10th century, and possibly earlier with a number of
reports and legends surrounding its first use. The native
(undomesticated) origin of coffee is thought to have been <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"
target="_blank">Ethiopia</a>. The earliest substantiated
evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee
tree is from the 15th century, in the Sufi monasteries of
Yemen.<sup>[1]</sup> By the 16th century, it had reached the
rest of the Middle East, South India (Coorg), Persia, Turkey,
Horn of Africa, and northern Africa. Coffee then spread to the
Balkans, Italy and to the rest of Europe, to South East Asia and
then to America.<sup>[2]</sup></p>
<h2>Etymology</h2>
<p>The word "coffee" entered the English language in 1582 via
the Dutch koffie,<sup>[3]</sup> borrowed from the Ottoman
Turkish kahve, in turn borrowed from the Arabic <i>qahwah</i>
(ةوهق).</p>
<p>The Arabic word <i>qahwah</i> originally referred to a type
of wine, whose etymology is given by Arab lexicographers as
deriving from the verb qahā (اهق, "to lack hunger") in reference
to the drink's reputation as an appetite
suppressant.<sup>[4]</sup> The word <i>qahwah</i> is sometimes
alternatively traced to the Arabic quwwa ("power, energy"), or
to Kaffa, a medieval kingdom in Ethiopia whence the plant was
exported to Arabia. These etymologies for <i>qahwah</i> have all
been disputed, however. The name <i>qahwah</i> is not used for
the berry or plant (the products of the region), which are known
in Arabic as bunn and in Oromo as būn. Semitic had a root qhh
"dark color", which became a natural designation for the
beverage. According to this analysis, the feminine form
<i>qahwah</i> (also meaning "dark in color, dull(ing), dry,
sour") was likely chosen to parallel the feminine khamr (رمخ,
"wine"), and originally meant "the dark one".</p>
<h2>First use</h2>
<p>The Ethiopian ancestors of today's Oromo ethnic group were
the first to have recognized the energizing effect of the native
coffee plant.<sup>[1]</sup> Studies of genetic diversity have
been performed on Coffea arabica varieties, which were found to
be of low diversity but with retention of some residual
heterozygosity from ancestral materials, and closely related
diploid species Coffea canephora and C. liberica; however, no
direct evidence has ever been found indicating where in Africa
coffee grew or who among the natives might have used it as a
stimulant or known about it there earlier than the seventeenth
century.<sup>[1]</sup> The original domesticated coffee plant is
said to have been from Harar, and the native population is
thought to be derived from Ethiopia with distinct nearby
populations in Sudan and Kenya.</p>
<h2>History</h2>
</p>Syrian Bedouin from a beehive village in Aleppo, Syria,
sipping the traditional murra (bitter) coffee, 1930 Palestinian
women grinding coffee, 1905</p>
