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BIOLOGY 207 Lecture Notes - Lecture 43: Electrochemical Gradient, Biome, Clostridium

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School
U of M
Department
Biology
Course
BIOLOGY 207
Professor
Paul Dunlap

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Document Summary

Tca to use energy you still need to run for biosynthesis: tca cycle does not run because the regeneration of reducing power has been slowed (and the tca cycle uses a lot, solution to problem: fermentation. End products of fermentation depends on the type of bacteria: fermentation is not a single biochemical pathway it is a process . It is the process to move pyruvate along and free up reducing power. Lactic and mixed-acid fermentations: fermentations are classified by either the substrate fermented or the products formed, wide variety of organic compounds can be fermented. Showing glucose going to pyruvate and if you cannot run tca cycle because you cannot run the etc, pyruvate can be kicked off in form of lactate. If there are mixed acids there are enzymes that can convert pyruvate to formate to acetyl-coa to acetate or ethanol.

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Related Questions

1. All of the following are/can be products of the pentosephosphate pathway
EXCEPT?
a. NADPH
b. Reducing power
c. Precursor metabolites
d. Ribose 5-phosphate
e. ATP

2. Chelsea is working with the N2 (g)- fixing soil bacteriumAzotobacter. She hopes
to isolate two enzymes from this bacterium: hexokinase and
phosphoglycerokinase. Try as she might, Chelsea cannot isolatehexokinase but
she is incredibly successful in isolating phosphoglycerokinase. Ina sudden
moment of brilliance, Chelsea realizes that this is because
a. hexokinase is a triose-stage enzyme.
b. Azotobacter degrades glucose using the Entner-doudoroff pathwayrather
than the Embden-Meyerhof pathway.
c. Azotobacter cannot degrade organic carbon.
d. hexokinase and phosphoglycerokinase are the same enzyme.

3. After coming to the above realization, Chelsea notes that ascompared to E. coli,
Azotobacter will generate more __________ from the breakdown of oneglucose
molecule to two pyruvate molecules.
a. ATP
b. NADH
c. NADPH
d. CO2

4. Halloween is coming and Mike, Jenna, Ashley H. and Amanda P.decide to brew
some pumpkin Ale. They find a recipe online at The Brew Site.com.They add the
pumpkin, malt, wheat, vanilla, spices and hops. They then add thebrown sugar,
molasses and yeast. Finally, they are ready to ferment and theystarve the yeast of
O2 by placing an air seal on the top of the bottle. Once the O2 isdepleted from the
bottle
a. the fate of pyruvate changes.
b. the yeast utilize alcoholic fermentation in order to regenerateNAD+ and
allow glycolysis to continue running.
c. the yeast can generate only 2 ATP per molecule of glucose.
d. all of the above

5. In the pumpkin ale bottle (above), after O2 is depleted, doesthe TCA cycle
continue to turn? If not, why not? [*Mark all that apply.]
a. Yes
b. No, because the TCA cycle generates so much reducing power that,in the
absence of an externally derived terminal electron acceptor, couldnot be
regenerated.
c. No, because the ETC stops running.
d. No, because there is no reducing power generated in ananaerobic
environment.

6. Which one of the following events occurs during step 1 of theTCA cycle when
the acetyl group from acetyl-CoA is transferred ontooxaloacetate?
a. reducing power is generated.
b. CO2 is produced.
c. a carbon-carbon bond is formed.
d. ATP is generated via substrate-level phosphorylation.

7. In step 4 of the TCA cycle, a-ketoglutarate is converted tosuccinyl-CoA. All of
the following are true for both this step and the transition stepEXCEPT
a. both are catalyzed by dehydrogenases.
b. both involve the incorporation of a cosubstrate.
c. both generate reducing power and fully oxidized carbon.
d. both occur in the mitochondrial matrix of a eukaryoticcell.
e. both occur when fat is catabolized.

8. Succinate dehydrogenase [*Mark all that apply.]
a. requires a prosthetic group.
b. is complex II of the mitochondrial electron transportchain.
c. catalyzes the phosphorylation of GDP.
d. Is fondly called the “Wonder Woman Enzyme”

1. All of the following are correct descriptions of photosynthesis except:

A) The Calvin Cycle is endergonic.

B) Electrons are supplied to the reaction center via the splitting of water, which yields O2 as a byproduct

C) Chlorophyll and accessory pigments capture energy from the sun in the form of electrons, which they use to drive the electron transport chains of photosystems I and II.

D) ATP and NADPH generated in the light-dependent reactions are used to power CO2 fixation via the Calvin cycle in the light-independent reactions.

2. In glycolysis and the TCA cycle, glucose is _____ down to CO2; this process _____ lots of ATP and reducing power. In photosynthesis, CO2 is ______ back to sugar by the _______ of lots of ATP and reducing power.

A) reduced; requires; oxidized; production

B) oxidized; requires; reduced; production

C) oxidized; produces; reduced; input

D) reduced; produced; oxidized; input

3. Which description accurately compares cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

A) Photosynthesis uses energy captured from sunlight to power the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugars; cellular respiration oxidizes sugars to yield energy for the cell.

B) The ATP produced via cellular respiration is needed to power the reactions of photosynthesis

C) The pathways of photosynthesis are those of cellular respiration run in reverse.

D) Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to oxidize carbon dioxide to sugars; cellular respiration reduces these sugars to yield energy for the cell.

1.

Why does an electron have lower potential energy in an H-O bondthan in an O=O bond?

H has a higher electronegativity than O.

O=O is not stable.

O=O contains a double bond.

The electrons are closer to the oxygen atom in the H-O bond.

None of the answers are correct.

2.

How is the energy from the electron transport chain used mostdirectly?

to form the bonds of a water molecule

to pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial inner membraneinto the mitochondrial intermembrane space

to join ADP with a phosphate

to decompose glucose into pyruvate

to rotate ATP synthase

3.

Which process provides the energy needed to pump protons acrossthe mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation?

the transfer of electrons in redox reactions

the breakdown of ATP to ADP

the rotation of the ATP synthase rotor

oxidation of isocitrate

None of the answers are correct.

4.

What causes the ATP synthase rotor to spin?

the passing of electrons through ATP synthase

the movement of protons across the mitochondrial membrane

the movement of electrons across the mitochondrial membrane

the synthesis of ATP from ADP and a phosphate group

None of the answers are correct.

5.

What of the following generates the proton-motive force duringoxidative phosphorylation?

buildup of NADH molecules at protein complex I

movement of H+ ions across the mitochondrial membraneduring electron transport

rotation of the ATP synthase rotor

joining of H+ ions with oxygen to form water

None of the answers are correct.

6.

Suppose a microorganism invades a cell, causing damage to ATPsynthase. How would cellular respiration be affected?

Electrons could not be passed down the electron transportchain.

ADP could not be joined with a phosphate to form ATP.

Hydrogen ions could not be pumped into the mitochondrialintermembrane space.

The cell could not release any energy from the glucosemolecule.

Glucose could not be broken down into pyruvate.

7.

Which molecules transport electrons from the citric acid cycleto the electron transport chain?

NADH and FADH2

ATP and ADP

GTP and GDP

oxaloacetate and citric acid

None of the answers are correct.

8.

Which type of reactions control the energy release from glucoseduring the citric acid cycle?

acid-base reactions

redox reactions

random reactions

All answers are correct.

None of the answers are correct.

9.

What is the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

to receive electrons from the citric acid cycle and deliver themto the electron transport chain

to catalyze the synthesis of ATP from ADP

to accumulate in the mitochondrial intermembrane space tofacilitate ATP synthesis

to serve as a substrate to bind to acetyl-CoA at the beginningof the citric acid cycle

None of the answers are correct.

10.

Which molecule enters the citric acid cycle?

glucose

pyruvate

ATP

acetyl-CoA

None of the answers are correct.