BIOL 4374 Lecture 7: Chapter 7

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magentafly481

10 Feb 2017

School

University of Houston

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL 4374

Professor

Frigo Daniel

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Document Summary

Central dogma of molecular biology: present in all cells: bacteria humans, defining characteristic of living cells, amplification of signals from one gene. Genes can be expressed at different rates: translation rates, rna and protein stability all can vary. Uracil instead of thymine: single stranded instead of double stranded. Can form base pairs with itself make various shapes. Can therefore have structural or catalytic activity. Transcription: dna rna: the rna strand is complementary to the template strand and identical (save the swapping for uracil) to the coding strand, done by rna polymerase. Can transcribe an entire gene at a time. Rna is made in the 5" 3" direction. Starts at a (cid:498)promoter(cid:499) sequence of dna. Located upstream of the gene, so 5" to the gene: located at -35, and -10; start site is +1, there is no 0. In bacteria a subunit of rna pol recognizes the promoter. Is asymmetrical: tells rna pol which way to go: the sigma factor.

Related Questions

Which type of RNA is unique to eukaryotes?

		mRNA
		rRNA
		tRNA
		snRNA
		Its a trick, all cells have all four types of RNA.

1 points

QUESTION 2

The region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription is the:

		origin
		promoter
		enhancer
		none of the above are correct

1 points

QUESTION 3

Holoenzyme:

		is RNA polymerase core enzyme.
		is sigma factor.
		is core plus sigma factor.
		none of the above are correct.

1 points

QUESTION 4

Which of these is formed FIRST when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter?

		The closed promoter complex
		The open promoter complex
		A rho-independent terminator
		none of the above are correct.

1 points

QUESTION 5

A hairpin loop followed by a run of Us:

		is the sequence formed in the sense strand of a gene using a rho-independent terminator.
		is the sequence recognized by the rho protein.
		is the structure formed in RNA that causes rho-independent termination.
		is formed immediately after the open promoter complex is formed.

1 points

QUESTION 6

RNA polymerase:

		reads the template strand of the DNA in the 3' to 5' direction.
		synthesizes the RNA in the 5' to 3' direction.
		can begin transcription without a primer.
		all of the above are correct.

1 points

QUESTION 7

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

		Bacteria like E. coli have only one type of sigma factor.
		RNA polymerase has no proofreading activity.
		The promoter of a gene is upstream of the RNA-coding region.
		Bacterial transcriptional terminators are copied into RNA to cause termination.

1 points

QUESTION 8

If the template strand of a gene has the sequence 5' ATGCGAT 3', then:

		the RNA produced will have the sequence 5' AUGCGAU 3'.
		the RNA produced will have the sequence 5' UAGCGUA 3'.
		the RNA produced will have the sequence 5' AUCGCAU 3'.
		None of the above are correct.

1 points

QUESTION 9

The sense strand:

		is the lagging strand
		is also the template strand.
		always goes left to right.
		none of the above are correct.

1 points

QUESTION 10

Which of these is transcribed but not translated?

		mRNA
		tRNA
		rRNA
		all of the above
		tRNA and rRNA are transcribed but not translated.

please help i am a bit confused

Multiple answers to each question might be possible!

You decide to identify the CFTR mutation by analyzing the genomic DNA of your patients compared to healthy individuals. You specifically are looking to see whether a specific 3' gene truncation has occurred in the patients. You will determine this using hybridization techniques with samples from healthy and CF patients. Which of the following will allow you to accomplish this?

	Using an RNA probe complementary to the region not removed by the truncation.
	Using an RNA probe complementary to the region removed by the truncation.
	Using an DNA probe complementary to the region not removed by the truncation.
	Using an DNA probe complementary to the region removed by the truncation.

To conduct the hybridization experiment, you are trying to decide between using a DNA or RNA probe. Which would be ideal to use and why?

	As both are composed of nucleic acids, using either would result in identical results.
	An RNA probe because RNA has uracil bases.
	An RNA probe because it could also be used in a translation experiment.
	A DNA probe because it is more stable than RNA.
	A DNA probe because RNA cannot bind to DNA.

One step of the Hershey/Chase experiment involved blending the virus/cell mixture before centrifugation and probing the pellet for radioactivity. Why was the blending step necessary?

	To collect the bacteria at the bottom of the tube.
	To break open the bacteria to release the genome.
	To separate the bacteria from the bacteriophages.
	To be able to detect the radioactivity.

Imagine Hershey/Chase had used an RNA virus (genome composed of RNA) instead of a DNA virus in their experiment. Would radioactivity still have been found in the pellet?

	No, because only DNA can be labeled with radioactivity.
	No, because the RNA genome would not enter the bacteria upon infection.
	No, because while DNA and RNA nucleotides are similar, they are not identical.
	Yes, because DNA and RNA nucleotides are similar.
	Yes, because genome in any form (DNA, RNA, protein) would be labeled similarly.

The human genome consists mostly of non-coding DNA. Which of the following are benefits of this?

	Random DNA mutations generally won't affect RNA and protein function.
	It is faster to duplicate the genome when these are present.
	The existence of introns can lead to multiple variations of proteins encoded by a single gene.
	It is unlikely transposons would exist in the genome if there was too much protein coding DNA.

Explain the 5â to 3â directionality of a DNA stand.

	It is due to the fact that the free 5â carbon is on one end and the free 3â carbon is on the other
	It is due to the fact that new nucleotide are added to the 5â carbon of the previous nucleotide
	It is due to the fact that there are 3 phosphate groups attached to the 5â carbon
	It is due to the fact the complementary strand is 3â to 5â
	More than one of the above explain the 5â to 3â directionality

You accidentally add a mutant dNTP (which has an H instead of an OH connected to the 3â carbon) to a reaction where DNA is being replicated. Which of the following is true of this mutant dNTP?

	It can be incorporated into DNA strand but cannot form a phosphodiester bond with an incoming wild type dNTP
	It can be incorporated into a DNA strand but cannot base pair with a complementary nucleotide
	It can be incorporated into a DNA strand and can form a phosphodiester bond with an incoming dNTP, but only if it is another mutant dNTP
	It cannot be incorporated into a DNA strand.

Why does DNA polymerase utilize an RNA primer?

	DNA polymerase is unable to initiate strand synthesis but RNA polymerase can
	DNA polymerase can only add a dNTP to an rNTP
	DNA synthesis proceeds in the 3â to 5â when initiating strand synthesis
	Chromosomal DNA contains interspersed RNA fragments
	The RNA primer increases stability of the newly synthesized strand

rosehippopotamus950

#1 You decide to identify the CFTR mutation by analyzing the genomic DNA of your patients compared to healthy individuals. You specifically are looking to see whether a specific 3' gene truncation has occurred in the patients. You will determine this using hybridization techniques with samples from healthy and CF patients. Which of the following will allow you to accomplish this?

A) Using an RNA probe complementary to the region not removed by the truncation

B) Using an RNA probe complementary to the region removed by the truncation.

C) Using an DNA probe complementary to the region not removed by the truncation.

D) Using an DNA probe complementary to the region removed by the truncation

E) Using an antibody complementary to the region not removed by the truncation.

F) Using an antibody complementary to the region removed by the truncation.

#2To conduct the hybridization experiment, you are trying to decide between using a DNA or RNA probe. Which would be ideal to use and why?

A) As both are composed of nucleic acids, using either would result in identical results.

B) An RNA probe because RNA has uracil bases.

C) A DNA probe because it is more stable than RNA.

D) A DNA probe because RNA cannot bind to DNA.

#3Which of the following will lower the Tm of a given DNA strand?

A)Increasing the percentage of GC base pairs

B) Raising the pH of the solution from extremely acidic to neutral

C) Decreasing the buffer concentration from 50mM NaCl to 5mM NaCl.

#4 Imagine Hershey/Chase had used an RNA virus (genome composed of RNA) instead of a DNA virus in their experiment. Would radioactivity still have been found in the pellet?

A) No, because the RNA genome would not enter the bacteria upon infection

B) No, because while DNA and RNA nucleotides are similar, they are not identical

C) Yes, because DNA and RNA nucleotides are similar

D) Yes, because genome in any form (DNA, RNA, protein) would be labeled similarly.

#5 Griffith and Avery's transformation experiments allowed us to identify that DNA is our genetic information. Which of the following scenarios would result in bacterial cells that are capable of killing mice upon injection?

A) Heat killed non-virulent bacteria is added to a live virulent bacteria strain

B) Heat killed virulent bacteria is added to a heat killed non-virulent bacteria strain.

C) Heat killed mouse cells are added to a non-virulent bacteria.

#6 The human genome consists mostly of non-coding DNA. Which of the following are benefits of this?

A) Random DNA mutations generally won't affect RNA and protein function

B) It is faster to duplicate the genome when these are present.

C) The existence of introns can lead to multiple variations of proteins encoded by a single gene.

D) It is unlikely transposons would exist in the genome if there was too much protein coding DNA.

harlequineel21

BIOL 4374 Lecture 7: Chapter 7

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