BIOL 3324 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Esophagus, Pylorus, Gastrointestinal Tract

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Digestive tract: oral cavity= mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. Large intestine: cecum, appendix, colon, rectum: accessory digestive organs. Digestive system: lumen= continuous with external environment therefore considered to be outside the body. Activates digestive enzymes that are made as zymogens: regulated via endocrine, paracrine, nerves, glut associated lymphoid tissue. Tolerance towards dietary substances and microorganisms in gut: there are 6 sphincters to divide digestive system. Upper esophageal sphincter= no air to go into stomach: opens when food to be swallowed, between pharynx and esophagus, made of skeletal muscle, closes when you breath, opens when you eat. Lower esophageal sphincter= prevent reflux: divides stomach and esophagus, made of unique smooth muscle, allows food to go into stomach. Pyloric sphincter= separate stomach and duodenum: prevents duodenum reflex, promotes gastric emptying, made of smooth muscle. Ileocecal sphincter= separates small and large intestines: ensures that digestion in small intestine is complete before.

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