CFD 1220 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Emotion Classification, Longitudinal Study, Prefrontal Cortex
24 Oct 2018
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CHAPTER 7 OUTLINE
I. ERIKSON’S THEORY OF INFANT AND TODDLER PERSONALITY (pp. 246–247)
A. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory is the most influential approach that accepted and
elaborated the basic outlines of Freud’s theory.
B. Basic Trust versus Mistrust (p. 246)
1. Erikson believed that a healthy outcome during infancy depended on the quality of
caregiving, not the amount of food or oral stimulation offered.
2. Erikson defined the psychological conflict of the first year as basic trust versus
mistrust, which is resolved positively when the balance of care is sympathetic
and loving.
C. Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (pp. 246–247)
1. In Erikson’s view, the conflict of toddlerhood is autonomy versus shame and
doubt, which is resolved positively when parents provide suitable guidance and
reasonable choices.
2. If children emerge from the first few years without sufficient trust in caregivers
and without a healthy sense of individuality, the seeds are sown for adjustment
problems.
II. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT (pp. 247–253)
A. Basic Emotions (pp. 247–250)
1. Basic emotions are universal in humans and other primates.
2. Babies’ earliest emotional life consists of little more than two global arousal
states: attraction to pleasant stimulation and withdrawal from unpleasant
stimulation. Gradually, emotions become well-organized signals.
3. Children coordinate separate skills into more effective systems as the central
nervous system develops and the child’s goals and experiences change.
4. Sensitive, contingent caregiver communication helps infants construct emotional
expressions that closely resemble those of adults.
5. Happiness
a. Happiness binds parent and baby into a warm, supportive relationship that
fosters the infant’s development.
b. The social smile, evoked by the parent’s communication, first appears
between 6 and 10 weeks. Laughter first typically occurs around 3 to 4 months
in response to active stimuli.
c. By the end of the first year, the smile is a deliberate social signal.
6. Anger and Sadness
a. From 4 to 6 months into the second year, angry expressions increase.
b. As infants become capable of intentional behavior, anger rises, motivating
caregivers to relieve the infant’s distress.
c. Sadness is common when infants are deprived of a familiar, loving caregiver.
7. Fear
a. Fear rises during the second half of the first year and into the second year.
b. The most frequent expression of fear is to unfamiliar adults: stranger anxiety.
It depends on temperament, past experiences with strangers, the current
situation, and culturally determined infant-rearing practices.
c. Once wariness develops, infants use the familiar caregiver as a secure base, or
point from which to explore.
B. Understanding and Responding to the Emotions of Others (pp. 250–251)
1. In the first few months, babies match the feeling tone of the caregiver in face-to-
face communication.
2. Around 3 months, infants become sensitive to the structure and timing of face-to-
