CFD 1220 Lecture 3: Systems Within Systems Within Systems
11 Jun 2018
School
Department
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Systems Within Systems Within Systems
• The ecological systems approach recognizes three nested levels of factors that
surround individuals and affect them
o Microsystems
▪ The most obvious
▪ Each person’s immediate surrounding
▪ Such as family and peer group
▪ The impact of each microsystem depends partly on timing
o Exosystems
▪ Systems local institutions
▪ Such as school and church
o Macro-systems
▪ The larger social setting
▪ Including cultural values. Economic policies. And political processes
• Two more systems are related to these three:
o The mesosystem
▪ Consisting of the connections among other systems
o The chronosystem
▪ Literally the “time system”
• Renamed the approach bioecological theory
Historical Change
• Both generational and cohort effects need to be considered and studying development
• Cohorts:
o All persons born within a few years of one another
o Travel through life together affected by the interaction between their
chronological age and the values events technologies and culture of that era
Plasticity
• Plasticity:
o The idea that abilities, personality, and other human characteristics can change
over time is
o Particularly evident during childhood but even older adults are not always set
in their ways
o Denotes two complementary aspects of development:
▪ Human traits can be molded
▪ Yet people maintain a certain durabilit
o Provides both hope and realism
• Simultaneously incorporates to facts:
o People can change over time
o New behavior depends partly on what has already happened
• This is evident in one of the new approaches to development
o The dynamic systems approach:
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