HSC 4555 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Urinary Meatus, Congenital Disorder, Superior Hypogastric Plexus
Document Summary
Chapter 29: disorders of the lower urinary tract. The lower urinary tract transports urine from the kidneys and facilitates its removal from the body. A variety of laboratory tests are used in the diagnosis of lower urinary tract disorders. Bladder innervation is supplied by sympathetic nerves that exit the spinal cord at l1 and l2 and allow relaxation and filling. Stimulation of parasympathetic nerves from s1-s4 results in bladder contraction and relaxation of the internal sphincter. The somatic pudendal nerve innervates the external bladder sphincter. The sympathetic system innervates blood vessels via the hypogastric plexus. Micturition requires central, autonomic, and peripheral nervous system functioning. It is a result of parasympathetic and voluntary motor control. Weakening of pelvic muscles or intrinsic urethral sphincter deficiency results in stress incontinence. Mixed incontinence is a combination of both stress and urge incontinence. Obstruction of the urethra, or an underactive or inactive detrusor muscle causes overflow incontinence.
