Decline in individual fitness at low population density. Low reproductive output or high mortality at low population densities. Some animals require large breeding leks for reproductive success. Few animals means lower chance of finding matings. Thus, birth rates decrease as population size decreases. If population growth rates are low in small populations. Departures from equal sex ratios due to chance. Can have dramatic effects on success of interventions (captive breeding, reintroductions, etc) Individuals in a population have probabilities of survival and reproduction. Sampling variances inversely proportional to population size. In any real population, individuals don"t produce the (cid:364)average(cid:365) number of offspring. Either have none, fewer or more than average. In a large population, (cid:364)averages(cid:365) are useful descriptors. In small populations, individual variation in birth and death rates can cause great fluctuations in population sizes. If population decreases, the smaller population will be even. More susceptible to demographic fluctuations in the next generation, possibly leading to extinction.