PSY 223 Lecture Notes - Lecture 23: Oral Rehydration Therapy, Childhood Cancer, Cerebral Palsy
18 Nov 2016
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elopment
• Environmental Influences
o Learn through experimentation, observation of other children
o Physical activity
▪ On average, children spend 25 hours per week engaging in large ms
Nutrition
• Still need proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins
• 1 to 3 years old → need 1000-1300 calories
• 4 to 5 years old → need 1400 – 1600 calories
o depends on activity level
• Eating Patterns
o Between 2 and 3 year olds appetite decreases, becomes more erratic
▪ Child is also growing more slowly
▪ Usually make up for it at next meal
o Food preferences depends on modeling from parents
▪ Parent shows dislike for vegetables → child will begin to show dislike for
vegetables
• Tendencies to eat Veggies
o We know children have a natural preference for sweet things
o Model affective response to vegetables
▪ Reee soial efeeig; odel espose ased o paet’s
response
o Familiarity
▪ Having child taste food at least 8-10 times within a few weeks makes it
more familiar, increases likelihood of liking it
• Health and Illness
o Normative to experience illnesses during childhood
▪ Mostly minor illnesses (e.g., respiratory infections like colds, upset
stomachs, etc.)
▪ 1 to 3 years → 8-9 minor illnesses/year
▪ 4 to 10 years → 4-6 minor illnesses/year
o Cultural Difference
▪ In US → usually not a big deal
▪ In developing countries → minor illness (especially diarrhea) leading
cause of death of children
• Less access to water, nutrition, vaccines
o Major Illnesses
▪ Pneumonia
• 3 million children die every year (more than AIDS + malaria +
measles)
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• Less than 20% of children with phenomena get antibiotics (even
though cost is 30 cents/dose)
▪ Diarrhea
• 2 million children die each year
• Treatment is rehydration (sometimes with salt)
o Less than 38% of children receive oral rehydration therapy
o Access to clean water is an issue
▪ Malaria
• 800,000 children die each year
o mostly in sub-Saharan Africa
▪ Malnutrition
• Half of all child deaths linked with malnutrition
• Lower resistance to infection
• More vulnerable to disease
o Immunizations
▪ Advances in immunization → reduced incidence of childhood disease
▪ Serious diseases (e.g., measles, mumps, polio) almost nonexistent
▪ Most kids in US get vaccinations
▪ In developing countries, far fewer kids are vaccinated → rates of death
due to these diseases much higher (13 million die each year form
illnesses we have vaccines for in US)
o Serious Illnesses
▪ Chronic Illness
• 1/3 children under 18 suffer from a chronic disease
• Arthritis, diabetes, cerebral palsy, cystic fibrosis, asthma,
migraines
▪ Childhood Cancer
• Childhood cancers make up less than 1% of all cancer diagnosed
o Childhood cancer rates have been rising
o About 10,380 children in the US under the age of 15
diagnosed each year
• Major treatment advances → more than 80% of children with
cancer now survive 5 years or more
• After accidents, cancer is 2nst leading cause of death in children
aged 1 to 14
o Childhood Accidents
▪ Leading cause of death in children in developed countries
• Motor vehicle accidents, followed by drowning and fires
• Higher rates for boys than girls
• Higher rates for low SES than high SES
o 5x more likely to die in fires, 2x more likely to die in a car
accident
▪ Prevention of accidents
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• Car seats, window guards, smoke detectors, legislation related to
toy choking hazards
• Sleep
o Restores, replenishes, and rebuilds
o Neurons
o Amount of sleep needed goes down from infancy to childhood
o Sleep Disorders
▪ Sleep terrors
• Sleep terrors more severe than nightmares
o Wake suddenly (but not completely awake)
o Spike in heart rate, respiration
o Talk incoherently
o Thrash about
o May just fall back asleep
• Occur during deep sleep, earlier in the night
• Usually begin in early childhood, outgrow by adolescence
• Associated with stress (e.g., moving, peer relationships,
difficulties, school changes, divorce)
• Can lead to fear of going to sleep
▪ Sleep Walking
• More common in children than adults
o Onset typically 3 to 8 years old
• Also tend to occur during deep sleep
• Usually do something boring – rearrange toys, drink water
• Tend to last less than 30 minutes, than return to bed
• Do’t eee the et oig
• LOTS of myths → do’t at out deas, ot a sig of possessio
by evil spirit, etc.
• Believed to be sign of immaturity of nervous system
• Elimination Disorders
o Potty training is key task of toddlerhood (many preschools require it)
▪ Usually around 3 years old
▪ Accidents still common
▪ Often easier for girls than boys
o Enuresis
▪ Failue to otol laddes uiatio oe oal age has passed
• What oal is aied ultue, fail, et
▪ Nighttime control harder than daytime control
• Have to 1) wake up when their bladder is full 2) decide to leave
their bed and go to the bathroom
▪ Causes
• Biological → UTS, immaturity of motor cortex of brain, immaturity
of nervous system
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find more resources at oneclass.com
