KNES 385 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Brainstem, Retina, Thalamus

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orangereindeer556

19 Oct 2016

School

University of Maryland

Department

Kinesiology

Course

KNES 385

Professor

Dr.Gentili

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Document Summary

Central nervous system (cns): the brain and the spinal cord. Peripheral nervous (pns): parts of the nervous system outside the cns. Primary sensory afferent: a neuron that carries sensory information from the periphery into the cns: also called primary afferent. Before entering the cns, the axons of primary sensory afferents travel into nerves that are part of the peripheral nervous system. Adequate stimulus: the unique stimulus that activates a specific receptor at. Roughly speaking, it is the stimulus that (cid:498)naturally(cid:499) activates the receptor: low levels of light activate the photoreceptors in the eye. Light is the adequate stimulus for photoreceptors. Modality: a general class of stimulus, determined by the type of energy transmitted by the stimulus and the receptors specialized to sense that energy. Since ancient times, five modalities recognized: vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell. Now we recognize additional modalities: somatic senses of pain, temperature, itch, and proprioception, the vestibular sense of balance.

Related Questions

1.All peripheral sensory input enters the spinal cord through the 2.Mechanoreceptor afferents are divided into two main classes based on(Points : 2) 3.Branches of SAI afferents terminate in ____________ where they are proposed to be the site of ____________ transduction.(Points : 2) 4.SAI afferents appear to be used by the CNS to perceive(Points : 2) 5.AII afferents have ________ receptive fields and greater sensitivity to ________ than do SAI afferents.(Points : 2) 6.Somatosensory afferents from the muscle are sensitive to ___________ while afferents from the tendon are sensitive to ___________.(Points : 2) 7.Kinesthesia is obtained by convergent afferents of the muscles, tendons, joints and___________8.Nociceptors respond to ________ stimuli and sense through use of ___________.(Points : 2) 9.First pain is transmitted through ______ receptors that carry discriminative information, and second pain is modulated by _______ receptors.(Points : 2) 10.Acute skin damage is accompanied by ____________ that is the result of local activation of nociceptors leading to ________.(Points : 2) 11.Somatic sensation retains separation of mechanosensation and __________ from nociception and ___________ which is evident from PNS to CNS.(Points : 2)12.The primary somatosensory cortex has ventral projections to(Points : 2) 13.The dorsal stream of the somatosensory cortex project to(Points : 2) 14.The dorsal column nuclei are located(Points : 2) 15.The lateral cervical nucleus is located in the ____________ and display ___________ receptive fields.(Points : 2) 16.Non-perceptual input of nociceptors influence behavior by(Points : 2)17. sensory trigeminal system is composed of the...18.The receptive fields of secondary somatosensory cortical neurons are ___________ than those of the primary somatosensory cortex.(Points : 2) 19.Receptive fields in the primary somatosensory cortex are(Points : 2)I really need help with this please! The person who is able to help me with the CORRECT answers will be compensated with 3000 points! This assignment will be graded instantly by a computer so I will know if the person actually tried or if they just put in some crazy answers just to get the points. The points will be rewarded IMMEDIATELY after the assignment is graded, which, as I stated above is done instantly by the computer once submitted. At least 75 to 80% of the questions must be correct in order to receice all 3000 points today. Thank you SO much in advance!!! :)

pucereindeer600

1. Kidneys help to maintain a proper balance of _________ within the body.

Phosphorous

Chloride

Potassium

Calcium Phosphate

ions

All of the above

2. The nervous system has how many major categories?

3. Which major category of the nervous system contains both the Somatic and the Autonomic divisions?

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Neither of these

Both of these

4. Which organ or structure helps to control the master endocrine gland (pituitary gland)?

The pancreas

The thorax

Peyerâs patches

The hypothalamus

6. This tiny gland is located at the base of the brain and produces the hormone melanin.

Parathyroid

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Pineal

7. These glands are situated right above the kidneys. The hormones produced by these glands help us to cope with stress.

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Hypothalamus

Adrenals

8. The hormones necessary for the production of sperm are produced in the __________.

Kidneys

Testes

Ovaries

None of the above

9. The bloodstream assists the endocrine organs and structures by:

Removing hormones from the body

Delivering hormones to target cells

Delivering hormones to secretory cells

The bloodstream does not come into contact with endocrine structures or organs
10. The pancreas _____________.

Is a master gland that controls many other glands

Produces progesterone and oestrogen

Is a salivary gland

Regulates blood sugar, aid in digestion

11. The basic function of the endocrine system is ________ in nature.

Digestive

Reproductive

Hormonal

Proximal

13. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are experienced by many people during their lifetimes. Urinary tract infections can involve any bacterial infection of the urinary system structures; the kidneys, bladder, ureters, or urethra. They are caused by bacteria entering the body through the urethra and traveling upward into the body. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort when urinating to extreme pain and the loss of blood during urination. They occur more frequently in women than men, and are often treated by antibiotics in addition to home remedies, such as drinking more water and drinking cranberry juice.

Based on what you have learned about the cause of urinary tract infections, which of the following precautions would help to prevent reoccurring infections?

Taking pain medication when symptoms occur

Placing a hot pack on the abdomen when symptoms occur

Practicing good hygiene Exercising regularly

14. The nervous system is divided into two major divisions: the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System. Those divisions have structures that can be classified as belonging to two different subdivisions: the Somatic and the Autonomic systems. The nervous system can be summarized as a complex system of interconnected nerves and special cells called neurons that are used to transmit information (by means of small electrical impulses). Use the information in the table below to help answer questions about the nervous system. Division Organs & Structures Functions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord Nerves This is the bodyâs assessment and communication center. It analyzes the information received from the sensory neurons and responds. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Sensory Neurons Ganglia (clusters of neurons) Nerves that connect to one another and to the CNS The sensory neurons react to physical stimuli such as light, sound, heat, and pressure, and transmit that information to the CNS. Subdivisions Description Examples Somatic The Somatic system is comprised of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the muscles of the body and sensory receptors in the skin. Reactions to physical stimuli like heat or light. Using your hand to touch Eating food Autonomic The Autonomic system largely involuntary. This system controls the unconscious functions of the body. Breathing Blood Pressure

Feeling overwhelmed or startled by exposure to very loud noises is likely a reaction to information collected by which subdivision of the nervous system:

Somatic

Autonomic

No answer text provided.

15. The thyroid gland is perhaps the most well-known member of the pancreatic system. Many adults are screened for thyroid problems during routine physical exams. This butterfly shaped gland is found at the base of the neck and releases hormones that affect the bodyâs metabolism (the way the body uses energy). The thyroidâs two main hormones are T3 and T4, and they affect many body functions, including: â¢ Breathing â¢ Heart rate â¢ Central and peripheral nervous systems â¢ Body weight â¢ Muscle strength â¢ Menstrual cycles â¢ Body temperature â¢ Cholesterol levels Two common disorders associated with the thyroid include hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Some of the symptoms associated with these disorders are listed in the table below. Hyperthyroidism (Too many hormones released) Hypothyroidism (Too few hormones released) Anxiety Irritability or moodiness Nervousness, hyperactivity Sweating or sensitivity to high temperatures Hand trembling (shaking) Hair loss Missed or light menstrual periods Trouble sleeping Tiredness and fatigue Difficulty concentrating Dry skin and hair Depression Sensitivity to cold temperature Frequent, heavy periods Joint and muscle pain A patient complains of arthritis-like pain in the joints of her hands, but tests for arthritis come back negative. The doctor then suggests a thyroid function test. The doctor is most likely concerned about:

High levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

Low levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

No answer text provided.

No answer text provided

rubymule151

#1 Visceral sensory information enters the CNS on afferent fibers within

A) dorsal roots S_2 to S_4.

B) dorsal roots T_1 to L_2.

C) cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X.

D) both B and C

E) A, B, and C

#2 Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?

A) support

B) memory

C) phagocytosis

D) secretion of cerebrospinal fluid

E) maintenance of blood-brain barrier

#3 Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower

body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of

her cord is likely to be compressed?

A) the anterior gray commissures

B) the anterior white commissures

C) the anterior gray horns

D) ascending tracts

E) descending tracts

#4 The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates:

A) skeletal muscle cells

B) glandular cells

C) smoothmusdecells

D) heart muscle cells

E) all of the above

#5 Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the

A) pia mater.

B) dura mater.

C) filum terminale.

D) arachnoid mater.

E) subarachnoid space.

#6 A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of

tongue movement.which cranial nerve is affected?

A) glossopharyngeal

B) vagus

C) spinal accessory

D) hypoglossal

E) trigeminal

#7 Parkinson disease is the result of

A) inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons.

B) inadequate production of GABA by neurons in the basal nuclei.

C) weak response of the red nuclei of the mesencephalon.

D) decreased levels of acetylcholine from neurons in the substantia nigra.

E) hyperactivity of the limbic system.

#8 Based on the motor homunculus, which of the followingbody regions has the largest motor units?

A) larynx B) hands C) tongue D) face E) back

#9 If the corpus callosum is surgically cu!

A) conscious decisions are made without regard to sensations from the left side.

B) objects toudred by the left hand can be recognized but not verbally identified.

C) symptoms of the "disconnection syndrome" appear.

D) the two cerebral hemispheres operate independently.

E) all of the above

#10 The flexor reflex

A) moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.

B) is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.

C) prevents a musde from generating damaging tension.

D) usually depends on cranial neurons.

E) prevents a muscle from overstretching.

#11 The subdural space lies between

A) the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

B) the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.

C) the endosteum and the periosteum.

D) the pia mater and the dura mater.

E) the pia mater and the subarachnoid space.

#12 _____ is a condition resulting from an inflammation of a facial nerve.

A) Cerebral palsy

B) Addison disease

C) Bell palsy

D) any of the

#12 Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called

A) microglia.

B) neurofilaments.

C) neurofibrils.

D) Nisslbodies.

E) perikaryon.

KNES 385 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Brainstem, Retina, Thalamus

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