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BSCI 106 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Character Displacement, Species Richness, Ecological Succession

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scarletcod663
16 Feb 2018
School
University of Maryland
Department
Biological Sciences Program
Course
BSCI 106
Professor
Marcia Shofner

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Document Summary

A group of varying species found in a particular place or habitat: linked by same abiotic factors. A group of species who interact at a particular space and time: e. g. Guild a group of organisms that occupy similar ecological roles in a community. Niche how organisms use biotic and abiotic resources in their environment. How is a community described: diversity, species composition types of species, food webs/trophic levels. Structure: species composition type of species in a community, species diversity. Richness the number of species comprising a community. Evenness the relative abundance of each species in a community. Turnover extinction and colonization; disturbance and climate change these contribute to community change. Environmental gradients: precipitation, temperature, light, nutrients, soil.

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Related Questions

QUESTION 1

These include simultaneous consideration of tolerance ranges for all conditions, resource requirements (of all biotic and abiotic resources), and habitat preferences.

a.

Fundamental ecological niches

 b.

Hutchinsonian ecological niches

c.

. Realized ecological niches

 d.

Competition coefficients

 e.

Competitive exclusion

 f.

Coexistence

 g.

Isoclines

 h.

Stable equilibria

 i.

Unstable equilibria

QUESTION 2

Interspecific competition has this outcome when the effects of intraspecific competition outweigh the effects of interspecific competition.

a.

Fundamental ecological niches

 b.

Hutchinsonian ecological niches

c.

Realized ecological niches

 d.

Competition coefficients

 e.

Competitive exclusion

 f.

Coexistence

g.

Isoclines

 h.

Stable equilibria

 i.

Unstable equilibria

QUESTION 3

The range of places that species could occupy based on suitability; a hypothetical location and ecological/trophic role in the absence of ecological interactions such as competition.

a.

Fundamental ecological niches

 b.

Hutchinsonian ecological niches

c.

Realized ecological niches

 d.

Competition coefficients

 e.

Competitive exclusion

 f.

Coexistence

g.

Isoclines

 h.

Stable equilibria

 i.

Unstable equilibria

QUESTION 4

Graphs of the Lotka-Volterra interspecific competition model illustrate coexistence of two species with one of these features.

a.

Fundamental ecological niches

 b.

Hutchinsonian ecological niches

c.

. Realized ecological niches

 d.

Competition coefficients

 e.

Competitive exclusion

 f.

Coexistence

 g.

. Isoclines

 h.

. Stable equilibria

 i.

Unstable equilibria

QUESTION 5

When a particular species always outcompetes a second species in the Lotka-Volterra model of interspecific competition, these features will never intersect.

a.

Fundamental ecological niches

 b.

Hutchinsonian ecological niche

 c.

Realized ecological niches

 d.

Competition coefficients

 e.

Competitive exclusion

 f.

Coexistence

 g.

Isoclines

 h.

Stable equilibria

 i.

Unstable equilibria

QUESTION 6

When prey/foods increase in abundance, the predator population increases through reproduction and/or immigration.

a.

Amensilism

 b.

Commensilism

c.

Functional response

 d.

Mutualism

 e.

Numerical response

 f.

Parasite

 g.

Parasitoid

 h.

True predator

 i.

This is not an answer- don't choose it!

QUESTION 7

Endomycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, gut “microflora” and lichens are examples of this type of ecological interaction.

a.

Amensilism

 b.

Commensilism

 c.

Functional response

 d.

Mutualism

 e.

Numerical response

 f.

Parasite

 g.

Parasitoid

 h.

True predator

QUESTION 8

Prey switching, prey mechanisms to avoid predation (via increased group size), and formation of search images generate variations of this phenomenon.

a.

Amensilism

b.

Commensilism

c.

Functional response

 d.

Mutualism

e.

Numerical response

 f.

Parasite

 g.

Parasitoid

 h.

True predator

QUESTION 9

Generally do not kill their prey, and consume only one (or perhaps a few) individual prey during a particular developmental phase or lifetime.

a.

Amensilism

 b.

Commensilism

c.

. Functional response

 d.

Mutualism

 e.

Numerical response

 f.

Parasite

 g.

Parasitoid

 h.

True predator

QUESTION 10

Extremely asymmetric competition and “accidents” can result in this ecological interaction.

a.

Amensilism

 b.

. Commensilism

c.

Functional response

 d.

Mutualism

e.

Numerical response

 f.

Parasite

 g.

Parasitoid

 h.

True predator

Question1.1. Accidental alterationsduring DNA replication that give rise to variations in organismsare __________. (Points : 1)
adaptive traits
mutations
symbioses
random distributions
Question2.2. The largest reservoir ofcarbon in the carbon cycle is comprised of _________. (Points :1)
freshwater systems andoceans
plants and animals
sedimentary rock andfossil fuels
atmosphere
Question3.3. The principle of utility________. (Points : 1)
holds that any naturalresource should be available for use in manufacturing
holds that something isright when it produces the greatest benefit for the greatest numberof people
is not an ethicalstandard
cannot be used toestimate the value of natural resources
Question4.4. The two processes thatdetermine current biodiversity on a global scale are __________.(Points : 1)
allopatric speciation andimmigration
mutation and habitatselection
mutation and globalclimate change
extinction andspeciation
Question5.5. The conservation ethicholds that we should ________. (Points : 1)
exploit natural resourcesfor economic gain regardless of sustainability
be prudent and efficientin the use of natural resources
consider the environmentthe ultimate servant of mankind
maintain the environmentin a pristine, unaltered state
Question6.6. The preservation ethicholds that we should ________. (Points : 1)
be responsible for wisemanagement while using natural resources
protect areas againstdevelopment while allowing public access
harvest naturalresources
maintain the naturalenvironment in a pristine, unaltered state
Question7.7. Trophic levels and foodchains diagram __________. (Points : 1)
logistic curves
energy flow in anecosystem
population density
natural resourcefluctuations
Question8.8. A hypothesis is ________.(Points : 1)
a prediction
an educated guess thatexplains a phenomenon or answers a question
an instrument that isused to examine environmental conditions
the design of anexperiment that can be used for the process of science
Question9.9. A biocentric view of theworld emphasizes ________. (Points : 1)
the role of corporationsin environmental law
the importance ofconsidering environmental impacts on all living things
the importance ofeconomics in environmental decisions
the dual-natured view ofhumans and animals as environmental controls
Question10.10. Malthus was responsiblefor ________. (Points : 1)
the book The PopulationBomb that described the disastrous effects of human populationgrowth
the idea that theincrease in human population would lead to famine and war
the concept that humanpopulation growth would lead to greater industry and prosperitythrough education
instituting fertilizeruse for agriculture
Question11.11. Ecology is ________.(Points : 1)
the study of how to solveenvironmental problems
the study of organismsand their interactions with each other and the environment
a subfield ofenvironmentalism
the study of the E. colifamily of bacteria
Question12.12. The scientific processis based on ________. (Points : 1)
observations thatresearchers keep in a scientific journal
testing hypotheses builton observation, and revising them based on results
intuitive understandingof natural laws and processes
the ancient writings ofHeraclitus
Question13.13. Which of the followingis an abiotic factor? (Points : 1)
Amphibians
Wood
Mammals
Water
Question14.14. In environmentalscience, "carrying capacity" means the ___________. (Points :1)
maximum population sizethat a given environment can sustain
average number of viableoffspring produced within a population
potential number ofspecies in a given area
limitation on the numberof species in an ecosystem
Question15.15. The Cuyahoga River madepeople aware of environmental problems because __________. (Points: 1)
people in manycommunities became sick when using water from the river
the drinking water inelementary schools near the river became contaminated
the river caught onfire
the river stoppedsupporting any plant or animal life
Question16.16. The conversion processwhere nitrogen gas combines with hydrogen to form ammonium ions,which is accomplished through the intense energy of lightening orwhen air in the top layer of soil comes into contact with certainbacteria, is known as ________. (Points : 1)
the carbon cycle
nitrogen fixation
ionic conversation
bacterial ionization
Question17.17. The fresh water wedepend on for survival accounts for approximately __________ of allwater on Earth. (Points : 1)
two-thirds
one-third
10%
3%
Question18.18. A paradigm is ________.(Points : 1)
a group of severalhypotheses that can be tested together
a dominant view inscience
the same as ahypothesis
synonymous with thescientific method
Question19.19. The degree of disorderin a substance, system, or process is called ________. (Points :1)
chaos
entropy
energy
electricity
Question20.20. A population is definedas ___________. (Points : 1)
a group of individuals ofmultiple, interacting species that live in a particular area
a group of similarspecies that inhabit various ecosystems
a group of individuals ofa single species inhabiting a particular area
(crude birth rate +immigration rate) - (crude death rate - emigration rate)