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BIOL 111 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Cellulose, Polysaccharide, Hydrolysis

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salmongoat785
16 Jan 2016
School
Texas A&M University
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL 111
Professor
Rao Asha

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Document Summary

There are four main macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Polymers are synthesized by dehydration reactions and broken down by hydrolysis reactions. Can tell it"s a carbohydrate because of the suffix ose. These are a source of immediate energy for the cell. Short term energy storage, provides support, used as raw material. Monosaccharides are simple sugars easily soluble in water. (look at notes on structure) Starch is a plant polysaccharide put together by glucose monomers. Glycogen is specific to animals and is stored in the liver for energy. Carbohydrates are 4 calories per gram (4,000 c) Cellulose is a main component of plant cell walls, glucose molecules are linked by 1- Cotton is very hydrophilic due to the fact it is 90% cellulose. When the oh carbon is in the down position it is alpha. When it is up it is beta. (look at pictures). Consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds.

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Related Questions

Can somebody check if my answer is rght? Thank you

Complex carbohydrates

Indicate whether each of the following statements about polysaccharides is True or False.

1. Polysaccharides are long polymers made of many nucleotides that have been joined through dehydration synthesis. False
2. Cellulose is the main storage polysaccharide in plants while glycogen is an important storage polysaccharide in many animals. False
3. Both starch and glycogen are composed of α-glucose subunits. True
4. Starch is composed of amylose and amylopectin, which are unbranched and branched chains of α-glucose subunits, respectively. False
5. Like amylopectin, glycogen is insoluble in water, but it has a longer average chain length and fewer branches. True
6. Although some polysaccharides are used to store energy, others serve as structural material for cells. True
7. The principal structural polysaccharide in plants is starch. True
8. Cellulose is composed of a long, branched chain of β-glucose subunits. True
9. The starch-hydrolyzing enzymes produced by most organisms cannot break the bond between two α -glucose subunits because they only recognize β linkages. False
10. Chitin is a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell wall of many fungi. True

please i need help with this qustions answer the multiple choice that is all and be clear not writes un clear stuff just asnswer the qustions please

Question 1

Starch is: (select all the correct answers)

an energy storage carbohydrate in plants
an energy storage carbohydrate in animals
a structural carbohydrate in plants
a polymer of glucose

Question 2

The monomers in starch are joined together by which type of linkage?

beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage
alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage
alpha 1-6 glycosidic linkage

Question 3

Glycogen is: (select all that are correct)

a polymer of glucose
a long chain molecule with very few if any branches
an energy storage carbohydrate in plants
a highly branched molecule with alpha 1-4 & alpha 1-6 glycosidic linkages
has many beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages
an energy storage carbohydrate in animals

Question 4

What type of reaction will break down glycogen and produce glucose molecules?

Dehydration
polymerization
depolymerization
Hydrolysis

Question 5

Cellulose is: (select all that apply).

an energy storage carbohydrate in plants
has both alpha 1-4 and beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages
a structural carbohydrate in plant cell walls
a polymer of glucose
a structural carbohydrate in animals

Question 6

In cellulose, covalent bonds link glucose monomers and hydrogen bonds hold the long glucose chains together.

True
False

Question 7

Chitin is: (select all that apply)

a polymer of glucose
can be used as sutures
a structural carbohydrate in plants
a structural polysaccaride found in the exoskeleton of animals like arthropods
an energy storage carbohydrate in animals

Question 8

Lipids are not true polymers?

True
False

Question 9

Steroids are lipids

True
False

Question 10

A fat is composed of

4 fused carbon rings
a glycerol and 3 fatty acids
a phosphate a glycerol and 2 fatty acid chains

Food that we consume is composed of very complex molecules. During the digestive process these compounds are broken down into smaller and smaller subunits in preparation for use by the body as building blocks needed for the many components of the human body.

The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tso’s Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, “moves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take place” (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, “It produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the body” (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tso’s contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chicken’s proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tso’s is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum.

1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.