BIOL 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Amylose, Cellulose, Plant Cell

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rosemanatee282

30 Sep 2017

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Structural: glucose chains, like the one above, are called cellulose molecules, and can contain 10000 glucose units. They are stronger than amylose and are only found in plants. Cellulose is the most abundant polysaccharide found in nature: cellulose fibres are arranged in a very specific way and can be described as being like a fractal. Long cellulose chains bunch together, held by hydrogen bonds, to form microfibrils. These microfibrils are bunched with other microfibrils, held by more hydrogen bonds, to form. Macrofibrils: macrofibrils have a very high mechanical strength, similar to that of steel. In plant cell walls, they criss-cross over each, forming a cross-hatched structure, held by hydrogen bonds, which is very strong. This also allows water to move though and along the cell wall. The strength of the cell walls prevent the cell form bursting, as it would in an animal cell, when water passes into the cell.

Related Questions

Can somebody check if my answer is rght? Thank you

Complex carbohydrates

Indicate whether each of the following statements about polysaccharides is True or False.

1. Polysaccharides are long polymers made of many nucleotides that have been joined through dehydration synthesis. False
2. Cellulose is the main storage polysaccharide in plants while glycogen is an important storage polysaccharide in many animals. False
3. Both starch and glycogen are composed of Î±-glucose subunits. True
4. Starch is composed of amylose and amylopectin, which are unbranched and branched chains of Î±-glucose subunits, respectively. False
5. Like amylopectin, glycogen is insoluble in water, but it has a longer average chain length and fewer branches. True
6. Although some polysaccharides are used to store energy, others serve as structural material for cells. True
7. The principal structural polysaccharide in plants is starch. True
8. Cellulose is composed of a long, branched chain of Î²-glucose subunits. True
9. The starch-hydrolyzing enzymes produced by most organisms cannot break the bond between two Î± -glucose subunits because they only recognize Î² linkages. False
10. Chitin is a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell wall of many fungi. True

please i need help with this qustions answer the multiple choice that is all and be clear not writes un clear stuff just asnswer the qustions please

Question 1

Starch is: (select all the correct answers)

an energy storage carbohydrate in plants

an energy storage carbohydrate in animals

a structural carbohydrate in plants

a polymer of glucose

Question 2

The monomers in starch are joined together by which type of linkage?

beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage

alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage

alpha 1-6 glycosidic linkage

Question 3

Glycogen is: (select all that are correct)

a polymer of glucose

a long chain molecule with very few if any branches

an energy storage carbohydrate in plants

a highly branched molecule with alpha 1-4 & alpha 1-6 glycosidic linkages

has many beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages

an energy storage carbohydrate in animals

Question 4

What type of reaction will break down glycogen and produce glucose molecules?

Question 5

Cellulose is: (select all that apply).

an energy storage carbohydrate in plants

has both alpha 1-4 and beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages

a structural carbohydrate in plant cell walls

a polymer of glucose

a structural carbohydrate in animals

Question 6

In cellulose, covalent bonds link glucose monomers and hydrogen bonds hold the long glucose chains together.

True

False

Question 7

Chitin is: (select all that apply)

a polymer of glucose

can be used as sutures

a structural carbohydrate in plants

a structural polysaccaride found in the exoskeleton of animals like arthropods

an energy storage carbohydrate in animals

Question 8

Lipids are not true polymers?

True

False

Question 9

Steroids are lipids

True

False

Question 10

A fat is composed of

4 fused carbon rings

a glycerol and 3 fatty acids

a phosphate a glycerol and 2 fatty acid chains

One very diverse group of eukaryotic microbes are protozoa. All protozoa are eukaryotic, unicellular and lack cell walls. Many protozoan are chemoheterotrophs, getting energy and carbon from other organsims. Two groups of protozoans that are photosynthetic are dinoflagellates and euglenoids. Protozoans are divided into six groups: Parabasalids have a Golgi like organelles, a parabasl body, and lack mitochondria. Examples: are 1. Trichonympha which live in the guts of termites and digest cellulose into glucose. 2. Trichomonas which lives in the acidic environment of the human vagina, if the pH is increased, it can proliferate and cause inflammation which might lead to sterility. Diplomonadida lack mitochondria and have two rudimentary mitochondria called mitosomes, two equal size nuclei and multiple flagella. An example of this type of protozoan found in well water or lake water if Giardia, the ingestion of cysts leads to a GI infection characterized by flatulence and diarrhea. This protozon looks owl like in a light microscope because of the two nuclei. Euglenoza Euglenids:lack cell walls, have flagella, are chemoheterotrophic phagocytes in the dark, and have several features unique to euglenids. For one they store energy in a polysaccharide paramylon. They may move by a squirming motion called euglenoid movement. They have a protein pellicle under thier plasma membrane to give the cell shape. Most have a "red eyespot" that helps with phototaxis. Kinetoplastids have a single large mitochondria that contain a kinetoplast Two notable pathogens in this group are Trypanosoma and Leishmania. Alveolates have small membrane bound cavities beneath the plasma membrane called alveoli. In addition, alveolates have tubular mitochondria cristae. There are three subgroups. Ciliates have cilia for motility or to move water past the cell surface. Ciliates are chemoheterotrophic and have two nuclei. The only pathogenic ciliate is Balantidium. Paramecium is a well known pond dweller used to study regeneration. Apicomplexans are chemoheterotrophic animal pathogens. They contain apices which are organelles that contain enzymes that allow the protozoan to penetrate host cells. Three examples of apicomplexans are Plasmodium, cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma.

12. According to CDC toxoplasmosis is a neglected parasitic disease. Cats play an significant role in transmitting the protozoan because cats become infected by eating infected rodents or birds. An infected kitten may shed as many as a million cysts in thier feces for up to 3 weeks after infection. Humans may become infected by changing cat litter boxes or gardening without gloves. Suggest at least two ways a person may prevent infection based on this information. You may also visit the CDC websitehttps://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/gen_info/pregnant.html (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..

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BIOL 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Amylose, Cellulose, Plant Cell

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