01:119:115 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Organelle, Prophase, Synaptonemal Complex

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azurecheetah424

15 Jan 2016

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All cells come from other cells (never spontaneously occurring) Terminal differentiation- the point where a cell is dead (already has matured, function, went through everything and no longer need to develop) Cell division (cd) happens in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In a single cell > end up with a totally new organism (create more independent organisms) In a multicellular cell > instead of making a new organism, they"re going to utilize cd for growth and development, repair and renewal (cd continues after complete growth, does not mean terminated) We have to divide the genetic material. Genome- all genetic info inside the cell (every cell has this) Prokaryote- formed in 1 single dna molecule that has entire genome. Eukaryote- we have >1 dna molecules in the nucleus. Were going to house this dna and that dna is going to form: Have dna double helix but this dna double helix is actually wrapped around by proteins.

Related Questions

Chapter 10

1.Outline the history of our knowledge on DNA up to Watson and Crick. What were the main contributions made by each researcherâs key experiment?

2.Explain the setup of the Hershey and Chase experiment, what would the results have been if protein was the genetic material?

3.Draw the structure of a DNA nucleotide, labeling each main component correctly. How does an RNA nucleotide differ?

4.If a section of double stranded DNA contains 19% Adenine, how much Thymine is present?

5.You are a researcher studying the genetic basis of heart attacks and have been working to determine the expression levels of different genes that might contribute to cancer formation. You obtain the DNA methylation status of five genes of interest (the data are shown in the table below). The plus (+) sign indicates the level of DNA methylation; more plus signs correlates with increased methylation levels.Based on this information which genes would you predict to have the highest rate of transcription?

Gene	Methylation levels
1	++
2	+++++
3	+++
4	++
5	+

What are the characteristics of the 3 main DNA forms?

Chapter 11

What are the different types of chromatin?

What are the structures and important roles for telomeres and centromeres?

What are the differences found between eukaryotic chromosomes and mitochondrial?

Chapter 12

Explain each of the different models of replication.

If you grow a culture of bacteria in media with radioactive nucleotides so that all DNA in the cells include radioactive nucleotides and then place the bacteria in new non radioactive media. After two rounds of replication what proportion of the DNA molecules will contain radioactivity?

Summarize the similarities and differences between rolling-circle replication, theta replication and linear eukaryotic replication.

What are the functions of the different DNA polymerases found in eukaryotic cells?

Draw a replication fork and include all key components and orientations. (Leading/lagging strands, DNA helicase, RNA primer and DNA gyrase)

What is the Holliday model of recombination and what are the necessary steps?

Chapter 13

What are the different types of RNA and what roles do they play?

Describe the properties and functions of each of the RNA polymerases and how they differ depending on the organism.

Describe in detail the process and mechanisms of transcription in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Chapter 14

What are the primary purposes of each of the three post transcriptional modifications that occur in eukaryotic cells.

What is alternative splicing and what role does it play in the cell?

How is ribosomal RNA processed after transcription?

How do siRNA and miRNA work, describe/draw out the process in detail.

__________ are fairly small organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out certain biochemical reactions that generate harmful, highly reactive oxygen species. These chemicals are both generated and broken down in the same location.

Lysosomes

Endosomes

Peroxisomes

Nucleosomes

Biologists cannot possibly study all living species. Instead, they try to understand cell behavior by studying a select subset of them. Which of the following characteristics are useful in an organism chosen for use as a model in laboratory studies?

rapid rate of reproduction

all of the above

ability to grow under controlled conditions

amenability to genetic manipulation

By definition, prokaryotic cells do not possess __________.

ribosomes.

a nucleus.

membrane bilayers.

replication machinery.

Cell biologists employ targeted fluorescent dyes or modified fluorescent proteins in both standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to observe specific details in the cell. Even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is essentially the same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of a microscope is limited by the __________ of light.

intensity

absorption

wavelength

filtering

Choose the phrase that best completes this sentence: Microtubules ____________ and are required to pull duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles of dividing cells.

generate contractile forces

can rapidly reorganize

are found in especially large numbers in muscle cells

are intermediate in thickness

Despite the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, prokaryotes have proteins that are distantly related to eukaryotic actin filaments and microtubules. What is likely to be the most ancient function of the cytoskeleton?

cell division

cell motility

vesicle transport

membrane support

DNA and RNA are different types of nucleic acid polymer. Which of the following is true of DNA but not true of RNA?

It contains thymine.

It has 5'-to-3' directionality.

It is single-stranded.

It contains uracil.

Double covalent bonds are both shorter and stronger than single covalent bonds, but they also limit the geometry of the molecule because they ____________________.

prevent additional bonds from being formed with the bonded atoms.

limit the rotation of the bonded atoms.

create a new arrangement of electron shells.

change the reactivity of the bonded atoms.

Drosophila melanogaster is a/an __________. This type of animal is the most abundant of all animal species, making it an appropriate choice as an experimental model.

mammal

amphibian

bird

insect

10.

If the isotope 32S has 16 protons and 16 neutrons, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons will the isotope 35S have, respectively?

16, 19, 17

16, 19, 15

16, 19, 16

16, 20, 15

11.

Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that there are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it remains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit?

cell

organelle

protein

DNA

12.

Macromolecules in the cell can often interact transiently as a result of noncovalent interactions. These weak interactions also produce stable, highly specific interactions between molecules. Which of the factors below is the most significant in determining whether the interaction will be transient or stable?

the concentration of each molecule

the size of each molecule

surface complementarity between molecules

the rate of synthesis

13.

Many of the mechanisms that cells use for maintenance and reproduction were first studied at the molecular level in bacteria. Which bacterial species had a central role in advancing the field of molecular biology?

E. coli

S. pombe

C. elegans

D. melanogaster

14.

Many types of cells have stores of lipids in their cytoplasm, usually seen as fat droplets. What is the lipid most commonly found in these droplets?

cholesterol

isoprene

triacylglycerol

palmitic acid

15.

Mitochondria contain their own genome, are able to duplicate, and actually divide on a different time line from the rest of the cell. Nevertheless, mitochondria cannot function for long when isolated from the cell because they are __________________.

anaerobes.

viruses.

parasites.

endosymbionts.

16.

Mitochondria perform cellular respiration, a process that uses oxygen, generates carbon dioxide, and produces chemical energy for the cell. Which answer below indicates a correct pairing of material âburnedâ and the form of energy produced during cellular respiration?

17.

Polar covalent bonds are formed when the electrons in the bond are not shared equally between the two nuclei. Which one of these molecules contains polar bonds?

Directions: Write out your answers in the word document and then copy and paste everything into the text box. If you do not include the question along with your answer, you will be marked down.

1. What would happen if you put pGLO directly onto an agar plate and you checked on it after letting it incubate?

a. It would glow

b. It would grow

c. Nothing

d. E.Coli would grow

2. Explain in a short sentence or two your reasoning for question 1.

3. What shape is a plasmid?

4. How is a plasmid different from human DNA? Write one difference.

5. Bacteria can share DNA through a unique method called transformation. What are the TWO requirements a bacteria cell must possess in order to share DNA with another bacteria cell?

6. Why during our experiment did we put our e.Coli with pGLO inserted in it onto agar plates with ampicillin (Amp)?

a. So that it would kill the e.Coli and serve as our control

b. To kill all the e.Coli that did not take up the pGLO

c. To create antibiotic resistant bacteria

d. To cause the e.Coli to glow

7. Yeast cells are what type of cell?

a. Bacteria

b. Eukaryotes

c. Prokaryotes

d. Archaea

8. Why would someone study yeast cells instead of human cells?

9. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: If your cells is exposed to UV light and it causes a thymidine dimer, your cell is doomed to die.

10. Are wildtype (control) yeast immune to UV light damage?

11. BTB was a dye we used to directly measure ________

a. PH

b. Oxygen

c. Carbon Dioxide

d. Carbon

12. BTB was a dye we used to INDIRECTLY measure ________

a. PH

b. Oxygen

c. Carbon Dioxide

d. Carbon

13. What is one reason why a plant would want to close its stomata?

14. What is one function that ground tissues provides for a plant?

15. List one difference between monocots and dicots

16. Why is it important for a plant to have stomata? Write one reason why

17. What is the purpose of xylem in a plant cell?

18. Pholem is also important to plant cells, what is itâs purpose?

19. This theory explains why trees can grow to such tall heights and still provide water to their leaves.

a. Translocation

b. Transpiration

c. Cohesion-Tension

d. Vacuum

20. Fill in the blank

Pholem is considered to be a(n) _________ transport system while xylem is considered a(n) _______________transport system.

21. Apical meristems are found in these two places on a plant

a. At the site of new leaf growth and the roots closes to the top of the soil

b. Vascular tissue and ground tissue

c. Ground tissue and dermal tissue

d. The point of new growth on the stem and root

22. Fill in the blank.

Xylem moves substances _____ while phloem moves substances _____ a plant.

23. What are the two types of digestive mechanisms?

24. What is one benefit that mastication has for digestion?

25. What is an example of an organism that digests food intracellularly?

26. What is an example of an organism that digests food extracellularly?

27. Give two examples of where surface area is increased in a small space to aid in absorption within the human body

28. Name one difference between arteries and veins.

29. What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

30. How are the terms âexcretionâ and âdefecationâ different?

31. What is the role of the ADH hormone?

32. What does the term âMedullaâ refer to when talking about mammalian tissue?

a. The outer edges of a tissue

b. The middle of a tissue

c. The top of a tissue

d. The bottom of a tissue

33. Fill in the blank

Mammals have a _______ circulatory system while insects have a _______ circulatory system.

34. What is one benefit a closed circulatory system provides?

35. What is hemolymph?

01:119:115 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Organelle, Prophase, Synaptonemal Complex

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