B M B 211 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, Gestational Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
12 Dec 2016
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Diabetes Mellitus
Glucose utilization is low because the hormonal stimulus to use glucose – insulin- is defective
Diabetes is a major public health issue, having reached epidemic proportions in the United States and
around the world (1 in 11 people has or will have diabetes)
Diabetes is a family of diseases characterized by problems with insulin signaling and glucose uptake
(1) Type 1 diabetes: body does not produce enough insulin
(2) Type 2 diabetes: body produced insulin but cannot us it well
(3) Gestational diabetes: a temporary condition in pregnancy
Insulin triggers glucose uptake by cells by promoting the expression of glucose receptors at the cell
surface (GLUT-4)
Insulin binds to a receptor on the cell surface that promotes glucose receptors to move from the
cytoplasm to the cell surface
Hyperglycemia is a major symptom of diabetes
Glucose is not being taken into cells so it is in bloodstream
H₂O goes fro ells to loodstrea i order to oralize gluose oetratio
This leads to dehydration and excessive thirst
Kidneys try to filter out excess sugar this not being taken up (in urine)
Diabetes can be thought of as starvation in the midst of plenty
Body thiks that it does’t hae ay gluose so it akes gluose
β-oxidation and gluconeogenesis
Blood stream becomes even more saturated with glucose
Most of the acute symptoms seen in all forms of diabetes are caused by hyperglycemia
Kidneys work in overdrive to remove excess glucose
This pulls water to the kidneys, leading to dehydration, excessive thirst, and frequent urination
Glucosuria : glucose in the urine
Extreme fatigue sets in because cells can not generate sufficient energy from glucose and
glycolysis
Glucose starved cells trigger the hunger response in the brain causing feelings of excessive
hunger (polyphagia)
Type 1 diabetes: also called insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, juvenile onset and brittle diabetes
General characteristics
Age of onset: usually <45, often childhood or early adulthood
Inherited: rare but a few cases
Body weight: usually lean
Metabolism: ketosis prone (in a state of ketogenesis- excess ketone bodies)
find more resources at oneclass.com
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Document Summary
Glucose utilization is low because the hormonal stimulus to use glucose insulin- is defective. Diabetes is a major public health issue, having reached epidemic proportions in the united states and around the world (1 in 11 people has or will have diabetes) Insulin triggers glucose uptake by cells by promoting the expression of glucose receptors at the cell surface (glut-4) Insulin binds to a receptor on the cell surface that promotes glucose receptors to move from the cytoplasm to the cell surface. Glucose is not being taken into cells so it is in bloodstream. H o goes fro(cid:373) (cid:272)ells to (cid:271)loodstrea(cid:373) i(cid:374) order to (cid:374)or(cid:373)alize glu(cid:272)ose (cid:272)o(cid:374)(cid:272)e(cid:374)tratio(cid:374) Kidneys try to filter out excess sugar this not being taken up (in urine) Diabetes can be thought of as starvation in the midst of plenty. Body thi(cid:374)ks that it does(cid:374)"t ha(cid:448)e a(cid:374)y glu(cid:272)ose so it (cid:373)akes glu(cid:272)ose. Blood stream becomes even more saturated with glucose.
