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CHEM 1211 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Reagent, Limiting Reagent, Molar Mass

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indigooyster587

7 Nov 2017

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Northeastern University

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Chemistry & Chemical Biology

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Things to remember: avogadro"s number = na= 6. 022*10^-23, 1 (cid:373)ole = a(cid:373)ou(cid:374)t of su(cid:271)sta(cid:374)(cid:272)e that (cid:272)o(cid:374)tai(cid:374)s avogadro s (cid:374)u(cid:373)(cid:271)er of parti(cid:272)les, molar mass: mass in g of 1 mole of particles. It equals the atomic mass: law of conservation of mass: the amount of matter in a closed system is constant. This is, matter cannot be created nor destroyed but only transformed. Chemical reactions and equations: a chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another: Example: during photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water are transformed into glucose and oxygen: a chemical equation puts this into an equation, any special conditions that the equation requires is placed on top and bottom of the arrow, s. Stoichiometry: from greek stoicheion meaning element and metron, a chemical equation provides a way to create conversion factors between different compounds, steps. Initial units of what you have to moles of what you have.

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Chemical Reactions and Equations Learning objectives To observe physical and chemical properties associated with chemical changes To be able to give evidence for the occurrence of a chemical reaction To write a balanced chemical equation To identify areaction as a combination, decomposition, precipitation, single or double replacement, or combustion reaction ntroduction When a substance undergoes a physical change, it changes its appearance but not its composition. For example, when ice melts to form water, it undergoes a physical change from solid to liquid. In a chemical change, the composition of a substance is changed to give a new substance with different physical and chemical properties. For example, when silver tarnishes, the shiny silver (Ag) changes to a dull gray silver sulfide (AgaS). Not only has the chemical formula changed from Ag to Agus, but also the physical properties (shininess) of the substance have changed. Some examples of physical and chemical changes are listed in Table 1 below. Table 1. Comparison of Physical and Chemical Changes Examples of Physical changes Examples and Evidence of Chemical Changes Change in state (melting, freezing, evaporating Formation of a gas (bubbles) subliming) Formation of a solid (precipitate) Change in size Tearing Change in Color Heat is given off or absorbed A solid dissolving in a solvent In a chemical reaction, atoms in the reactants are rearranged to produce new combinations of atoms in the products. However, the total number of atoms of each element in the reactants is equal to the total number of atoms in the products. This is true according to the Law of Conservation of Mass, which states that the total mass remains constant during a chemical reaction. In other words, matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. In a chemical equation, the reactants are shown on the left and the products are on the right. An arrow in between indicates that a chemical reaction occurs. Finally, the physical state of each compound is designated in parentheses after the chemical formula. Solid, liquid, gas, and aqueous (dissolved in water) are shown as(s,(n,(g), and (aq), respectively.

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