BIOL 1119 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Cardiac Output, Vagus Nerve, Tachycardia
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QUESTION 1
Which of the following is an example of an extracellular signal molecule?
| a. | IP3 | |
| b. | cAMP | |
| c. | Insulin | |
| d. | Diacylglycerol |
2 points
QUESTION 2
Nuclear hormone receptors _____
| a. | Bind to water soluble ligands | |
| b. | Activate second messengers | |
| c. | Regulate transcription in response to ligand binding | |
| d. | Are normally located on the plasma membrane |
2 points
QUESTION 3
Which of the following does not occur when a receptor tyrosine kinase is bound by ligand?
| a. | Phosphorylation of the RTK | |
| b. | Cytoplasmic proteins bind the phosphorylated RTK | |
| c. | Dimerization of the RTK | |
| d. | The RTK binds to DNA to regulate transcription |
2 points
QUESTION 4
Which of these is a logical signal-transduction pathway?
| a. | An intracellular receptor activates phospholipase C, which cleaves a membrane protein to form IP3, which then activates the opening of an ER channel protein, which releases cyclic AMP into the cytoplasm, where it binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response. | |
| b. | A G-protein-linked receptor activates G protein, which activates phospholipase C, which cleaves a membrane lipid to form IP3, which binds to a calcium channel on the ER, which opens to release calcium ions into the cytoplasm, which bind to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response. | |
| c. | An ion-channel receptor opens, allowing a steroid hormone to enter the cell; the steroid hormone then activates protein kinases that convert GTP to GDP, which binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response. | |
| d. | A tyrosine-kinase receptor activates adenylyl cyclase, which activates phospholipase C, which converts ATP into cyclic AMP, which binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response. |
2 points
QUESTION 5
Which of the following is an example of signal amplification?
| a. | activation of an enzyme molecule | |
| b. | activation of a specific gene by a growth factor | |
| c. | Breakdown of many cAMP molecules | |
| d. | activation of 100 molecules by a single signal binding event |
2 points
QUESTION 6
Consider a signal transduction pathway that utilizes cAMP as a second messenger to activate PKA (Protein Kinase A). Which of the following situations will result in the cellular response?
| The G protein releases GDP and binds to GTP | ||
| The target protein (adenylyl cyclase) is inactive | ||
| The regulatory subunits of PKA (Protein Kinase A) are bound to the catalytic subunits | ||
| The appropriate G protein is bound to GDP |
2 points
QUESTION 7
Which of the following is found in only some signal transduction pathways? [In other words, which is not found in all signal transduction pathways?]
| Receptor protein | ||
| Extracellular signal molecule | ||
| Intracellular signaling molecule | ||
| Cellular response | ||
| Effector protein |
2 points
QUESTION 8
The enzyme that specifically catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP is:
| Adenylyl phosphatase | ||
| Adenylyl kinase | ||
| Adenylyl dehydrogenase | ||
| Adenylyl cyclase |
2 points
QUESTION 9
If an animal cell suddenly lost the ability to produce GTP, what might happen to its signaling system?
| It would use ATP instead of GTP to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. | ||
| It would not be able to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. | ||
| It would employ a transduction pathway directly from an external messenger. | ||
| It would be able to carry out reception and transduction but would not be able to respond to a signal. |
2 points
QUESTION 10
A hormone signal is sent from the brain to other parts of the body via the bloodstream. Why do only certain cells respond to this signal?
| Hormones do not last long enough in the bloodstream to stimulate a cellular response | ||
| Only cells that have a specific transcription factor gene will be able to respond to the signal | ||
| Only cells in the immediate vicinity of the cell sending the signal will respond | ||
| Only cells that have a receptor for the specific signal will be able to respond to it |
Need help with biology questions:
1. To increase the excretion of an acidic drug, what would you do to the urine?
| A. | Make it more basic | |
| B. | None of the above | |
| C. | Make it neutral | |
| D. | Make it more acidic |
2. G-Protein coupled receptors directly act on which of the following secondary messenger molecules:
| A. | cAMP | |
| B. | ATP | |
| C. | ADP | |
| D. | GTP | |
| E. | None of the above or more than one of the above |
3. Drug A and Drug B both produce the same level of biological/physiological response. Drug A produces this effect with 100 mg/kg dose. Drug B produces this effect with 50 mg/kg dose. Which of the following is true?:
| A. | Drug B is more efficacious than Drug A. Both drugs are equally potent. | |
| B. | Drug A is more efficacious than Drug B. Both drugs are equally potent. | |
| C. | Drug A and B are equally efficacious. Drug A is more potent than Drug B. | |
| D. | Drug A and B are equally efficacious. Drug B is more potent than Drug A. |
4. The stomach has a ______ pH, whereas the small intestines have a _______ pH. The colon has an approximately ___________ pH.
| A. | High; low; neutral | |
| B. | Low; high; neutral | |
| C. | Low; neutral; neutral | |
| D. | None of the above |
5. Which receptor is most likely to reduce norepinephrine levels when activated?
| A. | alpha 2 adrenergic | |
| B. | alpha 1 adrenergic | |
| C. | dopamine D1 receptors |
6. Which of the following statements are FALSE?
| A. | If the Vd of a drug is between 60 and 80 L the drug has likely distributed to the total body water of a 200 kg man. | |
| B. | In the enterohepatic system the activity of bacteria to remove conjugates from a drug in the gut will decrease the clearance of the drug. | |
| C. | Lipid drugs are more likely to be reabsorbed by the kidney from the urine. | |
| D. | A weak basic drug (pKa = 6) will be mostly ionized in urine of a pH= 3 and only the non- ionized drug will be eliminated. | |
| E. | The major conjugate in Phase 2 metabolism is glucuronide. |
7. Isoproterenol (β-agonist) is a vasodilator that increases HR. What happens to systolic and diastolic pressures upon IV administration of isoproterenol?
| A. | â systolic; â diastolic | |
| B. | â systolic; â diastolic | |
| C. | â systolic; â diastolic | |
| D. | â systolic; â diastolic | |
| E. | None of the above |
8. If you want to increase the blood concentration of a drug A, you can perform which of the following procedures:
| A. | Inhibit Drug A metabolism with Drug B | |
| B. | Enhance Drug A reabsorption from renal proximal tubule by changing ionization of Drug A with Drug B | |
| C. | Allow competition of Drug B with Drug A for active renal secretion processes | |
| D. | Increase the binding of Drug A to serum albumin | |
| E. | All of the above |
9. Which of the following describes Phase I metabolism?
| A. | Inactive products are always produced in this phase. | |
| B. | Large molecules such as glucuronic acid are conjugated to drugs in this phase. | |
| C. | This phase may produce active metabolites from prodrugs. | |
| D. | This phase only occurs in the liver. |
10. Which of the following is NOT an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of biogenic amines?
| A. | Phenylethanolamine N-methyl Transferase | |
| B. | Dopamine β-hydroxylase | |
| C. | Tyrosine dehydroxylase | |
| D. | DOPA decarboxylase | |
| E. | All of the above |
11. Why would an antibiotic at the same concentration be more active against bacteria in water than in serum or plasma? (Activity is measured in a test tube)
| A. | activity of the antibiotic is increased in water. | |
| B. | due to drug-protein interaction in serum | |
| C. | the antibiotic is more stable in water | |
| D. | all of the above | |
| E. | none of the above |
12. Ion channels are targets for drugs. Which drug class targets Na+ channels?
| A. | Benzodiazepines | |
| B. | Beta blockers | |
| C. | Local anesthetics | |
| D. | Antihypertensive drugs (cardiac and smooth muscle) | |
| E. | Glibenclimide (diabetic drug) |
13. _________________ not metabolized by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT).
| A. | Dopamine | |
| B. | Epinephrine | |
| C. | Phenylephrine | |
| D. | Norepinephrine | |
| E. | All of the above are metabolized by COMT. |
