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BIOL 1011 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Enzyme Inhibitor, Cellular Respiration, Microorganism

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orangebeetle641
17 Jan 2016
School
LSU
Department
Biological Sciences
Course
BIOL 1011
Professor
Ginger Brininstool

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Document Summary

Biochemical process taking place in an organism, manage material and energy resources of a cell. Photosynthesis is anabolic because sugar glucose formed from co2 and water. Proteins that help a chemical reaction to occur. Once chemical reaction occurs, enzyme related to participate in another identical reaction. Enzyme that functions in on type of chemical reaction usually will not participate in another type. Active site positon substrate so that chemical reaction form products. Enzyme function by a lining substrate molecules that"s favorable chemical bonds in substrate are stretched or weakened by enzyme causing bond to break. Are a third party bringing two things together. Electron carries that help an enzyme catalyze a reaction by transferring electrons. Reduced when accepted protons and electrons with enzyme. Environmental factors where enzymes work best can positions. If enzyme bond changes, so limited to do energy activity. Energy is stored in molecules and transport were needed. Polymer of glucose if cell store-good checker and easier.

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Related Questions

Question 1 When energy changes from one form to another, some of the energy that can be used to do work is always lost. The loss of this energy is mostly in the form of _________.
a. heat
b. potential energy
c. kinetic energy
d. light energy
e. mechanical energy

Question 2 Which of the following is exergonic?
a. binding fatty acids and glycerol molecules together to form lipids
b. building proteins from amino acids
c. binding sugars molecules together to form glycogen
d. breaking bonds in starch to release glucose
e. adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

Question 3 The first law of thermodynamics states that:
a. energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
b. the universe is increasing in entropy.
c. all living organisms must eat to derive energy.
d. energy is required to bring molecules into a cell against a concentration gradient.
e. in energy-yielding reactions, matter goes from a more-ordered to a less-ordered state.

Question 4 Which of the following is true of energy?
a. It can be transferred from one form to another with 100 percent efficiency.
b. It can be created.
c. It can be stored in chemical bonds.
d. It can never be stored.
e. It can be released by forming chemical bonds.

Question 5 Metabolism is:
a. the sum of all the energy a cell uses.
b. the sum of all the vitamins a cell contains.
c. the sum of all the enzymes a cell contains.
d. the sum of all the chemical reactions that an organism carries out.
e. the sum of all the ATP a cell contains.

Question 6 Entropy is the measure of ________ in a system.
a. disorder
b. order
c. energy
d. work
e. heat

Question 7 What percentage of the energy stored in glucose are humans cells able to use to do useful work?
a. 37%
b. 100%
c. 15%
d. 52%
e. 48%

Question 8 What is activation energy?
a. the energy gained by living things, allowing them to remain active
b. the energy produced by the breakdown of ATP to ADP.
c. the energy required to initiate or begin a chemical reaction
d. the energy created by enzymes during exergonic reactions
e. the energy lost by living things in the form of heat

Question 9 Which of the following is true of allosteric enzymes?
a. Their activity can be reduced when the product binds the enzyme.
b. Their activity can be reduced when a coenzyme binds to them.
c. Their activity can be reduced when the substrate binds the enzyme.
d. Their activity can be increased when the product binds the enzyme.

Question 10 Which of the following is a true statement about enzymes?
a. They are made of proteins.
b. They are altered by the reactions they catalyze.
c. They increase the energy of activation of chemical reactions.
d. All of the above are true.
e. None of the above is true.

Question 11 What is the energy currency of cells?
a. ADP
b. enzymes
c. glucose
d. vitamins
e. ATP

Question 12 Kinetic energy is ____________, while potential energy is _____________.
a. stored energy; energy that is being used
b. stored energy; energy that can't be used
c. energy that is being used; stored energy
d. energy that can't be used; stored energy

Question 13 The energy released during ________ reactions can be used to drive ________ reactions, and this is called ________ reactions.
a. exergonic; endergonic; coupled
b. endergonic; exergonic; coupled
c. exergonic; endergonic; mutually dependent
d. coupled; mutually dependent; independent
e. endergonic; exergonic; mutually dependent

Question 14 ADP + P + Energy --> ATP Which of the following is a true statement about the chemical reaction above?
a. This is a coupled reaction.
b. This is an exergonic reaction.
c. The product of the reaction contains more energy than that of all of the reactants combined.
d. This is an endergonic reaction.
e. This is an example of a catabolic reaction.

1. You have the following prokaryotic DNA sequence: 5′-GGACTAGACAATAGGGACCTAGAGATTCCGAAA-3′ 3′-CCTGATCTGTTATCCCTGGATCTCTAAGGCTTT-5′ If the top strand is the template strand which sequence below is the correct mRNA transcript? A. 5′-GGACUAGACAAUAGGGACCUAGAGAUUCCGAAA–3′ B. 5'-UUUCGGAAUCUCUAGGUCCCUAUUGUCUAGUCC-3' C. 5'-CCUGAUCUGUUAUCCCUGGAUCUCUAAGGCUUU-3' D. None of the above are correct

2.Starting in the cytoplasm with a fully mature mRNA explain the process of translation initiation and then elongation and termination to me.

3.Prior to export from the nucleus, pre-mRNA must be processed. What specifically does this entail?

4.The biosynthetic pathway for the two amino acids E and H is shown schematically in the figure. You are able to show experimentally that E inhibits enzyme V, and H inhibits enzyme X. The most logical hypothesis regarding the regulation of Enzyme T would be that it is most likely subject to feedback inhibition by E alone. True or False?

5. A. kinase B. ligase C. polymerase D. oxido-reductase E. Phosphatase F. protease G. nuclease H. ATPase 1. Removes a phosphate group from a molecule 2. Hydrolyzes ATP 3. Hydrolyzes bonds between nucleotides 4. Adds phosphate groups to molecules 5. Catalyzes reactions in which one molecule is oxidized and another is reduced 6. Hydrolyzes peptide bonds 7. Joins two ends of DNA together 8. Catalyzes the synthesis of polymers such as RNA and DNA

6. Looking at the figure showing the change in reaction rate for two different enzymes that both utilize the same substrate, answer the following questions. a. What is the approximate Vmax for enzyme B ? b. What is the approximate Vmax for enzyme A ? c. What is the approximate Km for the enzyme which has a higher affinity for the substrate uM.

7. Answer the following question either yes or no (spell out the word, do not abbreviate as y or n). Looking at the following coupled reaction: Luciferase luciferin + O 2 ==========> oxyluciferin + light ∆G = + + Mg2+ ATP <=> AMP + PPi ∆G = - - - a. Based on your knowledge of free energy change and reactions would this coupled reaction occur ? b. Would changing the second step from ATP<=> AMP + PPi ∆G = - - - to ATP <=> ADP + Pi ∆G = - change your answer

7.Spontaneous reactions by definition will happen instantaneously. Why false?

8. Each of the following questions apply to the image of the channel protein. The purple sphere is a charged ion. Type your response to each question in the blank provided. a. Based you on what you know about cells and ions, what does the tri-lobed red and white molecule represent (although there aren't anywhere near enough of them shown) ? b. Since the question stated the purple sphere was a charged particle, using what you know about the tri-lobed red and white molecule what is the charge of the purples sphere c. On the extracellular space, on the right side of the purple sphere, there are two tri-lobed red and white molecules in close proximity to one another. The red of one appears to be attracted to the white of the other. What type of bond is this ? d. Based on your knowledge of proteins that interact with the membrane and the properties of the membrane, to what family of amino acids would the amino acid marked by A. most likely belong? ?

1. C6H12O6 + 6O2 Ã 6CO2 + 6H2O Glucose is being _____ to _____ and oxygen is being _____ to _____. a. oxidized; carbon dioxide; reduced; water b. oxidized; water; reduced; carbon dioxide Incorrect c. reduced; water; oxidized; carbon dioxide d. reduced; carbon dioxide; oxidized; water

2. Which of the following stages in the breakdown of the piece of toast you had for breakfast generates the most ATP? a. the citric acid cycle Incorrect b. glycolysis c. the digestion of starch to glucose d. oxidative phosphorylation

3. Which of the following is a catabolic pathway? a. gluconeogenesis b. production of starch Incorrect c. glycolysis d. production of glycogen

4. Per molecule, the oxidation of a fatty acid results in _____ energy storage than the oxidation of glucose. a. the same b. less Incorrect c. more d. None of the above; fatty acids cannot be oxidized.

5. Of the eight reactions in the citric acid cycle, how many are oxidation-reduction reactions? a. one b. two c. three d. four e. five

6. The process of glycolysis transfers the energy in sugar molecules into the stored energy of activated carriers such as ATP and NADH. Which statement is true about glycolysis? a. Only eukaryotic organisms do glycolysis. b. The ten reactions of glycolysis are identical in all eukaryotic cells, but are different in prokaryotic cells due to their diverse metabolic strategies. Incorrect c. The ten reactions of glycolysis are identical in almost all living organisms on the planet. d. There are many ways to oxidize glucose and transfer energy into activated carriers; the diversity of organisms on the planet is reflected in the diversity of their mechanisms of glycolysis.

7. Referring to the sentence completed in #13 above, the purpose of the latter reaction (in active muscle cells) is to _____. a. accumulate lactic acid in the cell, which provides additional energy for the production of ATP Incorrect b. slow down glycolysis until oxygen becomes available again c. accelerate the Krebs cycle, which will restore the oxygen supply d. regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue in the absence of oxygen

8. What are the products of the citric acid cycle? a. carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2 and GTP b. carbon dioxide, NAD+, FAD and GTP c. NADH, FADH2, and acetyl CoA Incorrect d. carbon dioxide and water

9. Which statement is true about enzymes? a. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions because they make inherently endergonic reactions exergonic. b. Each enzyme in a cell can catalyze many different chemical reactions involving chemically different substrates. Incorrect c. Enzymes can only catalyze reactions in one direction. d. After catalyzing a reaction, an enzyme is permanently altered and can no longer bind substrate. e. None of the above is true. 1

10. ∆G measures the change in free energy in a system as it converts reactant (Y) into product (X). When [X] = [Y], ∆G is equal to _____. a. RT b. ΔG° + RT c. ΔG° d. ln [X]/[Y]

11. The ∆G° for the hydrolysis of ATP is -7.3 kcal/mol. What conditions in the cell would lead to a ∆G for ATP hydrolysis of -11 kcal/mol? a. An increase in the ATP/ADP ratio b. An increase in anabolic activity in the cell c. Transport of ATP out of the compartment where the reaction is occurring Incorrect d. A decrease in the ATP/ADP ratio

12. In the first reaction of glycolysis, a phosphate transferred from ATP to a glucose molecule to produce glucose-6-phosphate and ADP. Under conditions existing in the cell, the free energy change for this reaction is -8.0 kcal/mole. Which of the following statements is true? Recall that the ∆G° for the hydrolysis of ATP is -7.3 kcal/mol. a. Glucose concentrations in the cell are always low, making this reaction more favorable than would be expected. b. This reaction is less favorable than would be expected, given the ∆G° of ATP hydrolysis. c. Glucose-6-P concentrations in the cell are very low relative to glucose concentrations, making the reaction more favorable than would be expected. d. The ∆G° for the addition of a phosphate to glucose must be -0.7 kcal/mole.

13. Protein E can bind to two different proteins, S and I. The binding reactions are described by the following equations and values: E + S --> ES Keq for ES = 10 E + I> EI Keq for EI = 2 Given the equilibrium constant values, which one of the following statements is true? a. When S is present in excess, no I molecules will bind to E. b. E binds I more tightly than S. c. The binding energy of the ES interaction is greater than that of the EI interaction. d. Changing an amino acid on the binding surface of I from a basic amino acid to an acidic one will probably make the free energy of association with E more negative.