MCB 3020C Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Cellular Respiration, Carbon, Ammonia

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5 Jan 2020

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Lecture 5: microbial nutrients and nutrient uptake. Nutrients: supply of monomers (or precursors of) required by cells for growth. Macronutrients: nutrients required in large amounts. Micronutrients: nutrients required in minute amounts, trace metals and growth factors. Iron (fe: cellular respiration, trace metals, enzyme cofactors. Growth factors: organic compounds require in small amounts by certain organisms, examples: vitamins, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, vitamins, most frequently required growth factors, most function as coenzymes. Transporters: three classes, simple transport, group translocation, abc system, energy-driven. Simple transport: driven by proton motive force, either symport: solute and h+ cotransported in one direction, e. coli lac permease, phosphate, sulfate, other organics, or antiport: solute and h+ transported in opposite directions. Group translocation: substance transported is chemically modified, energy-rich organic compound drives transport, best-studied system. Phsophotransferase system in e. coli: best- studied group translocation system, glucose, fructose, and mannose, five proteins required, energy derived from phosphoenolypyruvate.

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Microbiology Unit 2 Applied and Environmental Assignment Part 1: Identify Nutritional requirements from Chapter 6&14 (and review from chapters 1 & 2) 1. Determine which of the 4 macromolecules require the following elements: a. Carbon: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ b. Nitrogen: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ c. Sulfur: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ 2. The essential elements mentioned above are cycled through cells and the earth in biogeochemical cycles (the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles.)Select the correct answer or fill in the blanks to summarize these cycles: a. Carbon dioxide is taken in from the atmosphere by [autotrophs/heterotrophs] and converted to glucose through carbon ________________. When heterotrophs eat autotrophs they use catabolism to break down glucose to make ATP and waste carbon is released as ___________. b. There is plenty of nitrogen available in the atmosphere but it is not accessible to organisms because it is in the form of Nitrogen gas (N2). N2 is fixed by [bacteria/plants/animals] and converted to ammonia (NH3.) NH3 can be used by [bacteria/plants/animals] to build their cells. Next, by consuming food with amino acids,[bacteria/plants/animals] can get access to nitrogen for their own cellular needs. c. There is also a good quantity of sulfur in dirt, rocks, and the atmosphere. Sulfur cycles between H2S => S0 => SO4 => SH groups in Proteins => back to H2S.Using _________________ respiration, anoxygenic photosynthesis, and chemolithoautotrophy [bacteria/plants/animals]convert H2S and S0 to SO4 which is taken in by [bacteria/plants/animals] and used to build their cells. When [bacteria/plants/animals]eat plants they take in essential amino acids containing sulfur and recycle these to make their proteins. d. _________________ break down waste and dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the cycles. *The C and N are summarized here: https://youtu.be/2D7hZpIYlCA and https://youtu.be/leHy-Y_8nRs 3. Match the main metabolic classifications to the description: Classifications: photoautotroph/ photoheterotroph/ chemoautotroph/ chemoheterotroph o A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and its energy from sunlight o A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and its energy from reduced inorganic chemicals o A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon and energy o A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon but gets energy from sunlight 4. Identify the phases of the bacterial growth curve and define what occurs in each phase Phase A = ______________ Definition: Phase B = ______________ Definition: Phase C = ______________ Definition: Phase D = ______________ Definition: Part 2: Unique ecosystems containing microbes 5. Watch the video that shows hydrothermal vents: https://youtu.be/RO3nO98gH_M a. Describe bacteria that live at the vents using terms from the unit 2 reading guide: ________________________________________________________________________ b. Write a 2-3 sentence reflection about hydrothermal vents and the contribution of microbes to this ecosystem: 6. Apply what you have learned to the TED-Ed video about Biofilms: https://youtu.be/pHLP5CZMnL4 a. Give the terms for cell structures mentioned in the video that we learned in Chapter 4 and 7: i. âsticky appendagesâ thatallows bacteria to attach and begin the biofilm: _______________ ii. Extracellular matrix/gooey matrix that holds cells together: ____________________________ iii. Exchange genetic information while packed together: ____________________________ iv. Communicate with each other by _________________________________________ sensing. v. Produce chemical to kill microbial competitors: ____________________________ factor.

Microbiology Unit 2 Applied and Environmental Assignment Part 1:

Identify Nutritional requirements from Chapter 6 & 14 (and review from chapters 1 & 2)

1. Determine which of the 4 macromolecules require the following elements:

a. Carbon: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

b. Nitrogen: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

c. Sulfur: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

2. The essential elements mentioned above are cycled through cells and the earth in biogeochemical cycles like the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, and the sulfur cycle. Select the correct answer and fill in the blanks to summarize these cycles:

a. Carbon dioxide is taken in from the atmosphere by [autotrophs/heterotrophs] and converted to glucose through carbon ________________. When heterotrophs eat autotrophs they catabolize glucose to make ATP through __________________ and waste carbon is released as ___________.

b. There is plenty of nitrogen available in the atmosphere but it is not accessible to organisms because it is in the form of Nitrogen gas (N2). N2 is fixed by [bacteria/plants/animals] and converted to ammonia (NH3.) NH3 can be used by [bacteria/plants/animals] to build their cells. Next, by consuming food with amino acids, [bacteria/plants/animals] can get access to nitrogen for their own cellular needs.

c. There is also a good quantity of sulfur in dirt, rocks, and the atmosphere. Sulfur cycles between H2S => S0 => SO4 => SH groups in Proteins => back to H2S. Using _________________ respiration, anoxygenic photosynthesis, and chemolithoautotrophy [bacteria/plants/animals] convert H2S and S0 to SO4 which is taken in by [bacteria/plants/animals] and used to build their cells. When [bacteria/plants/animals] eat plants they take in essential amino acids containing sulfur and recycle these to make their own proteins.

d. _________________ break down waste and dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the cycles.

*The C and N are summarized here: https://youtu.be/2D7hZpIYlCA and https://youtu.be/leHy-Y_8nRs

3. Identify the main metabolic classifications:

A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO₂ in the atmosphere and its energy from sunlight
A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO₂ in the atmosphere and its energy from reduced inorganic chemicals
A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon and energy
A microbe that uses organic carbon from others but energy from sunlight

Please help me with my microbiology assignment.

orchidherring991

Question 1

A microorganism's ability to use a harmful pesticide as a source of carbon and energy is an example of

Select one:

a. chemoautotrophy

b. nitrogen fixation

c. bioremediation

d. photoautotrophy

e. biosynthesis

Question 2

Autotrophs and heterotrophs differ in

Select one:

a. their ability to utilize CO2 as a sole carbon source.

b. their ability to incorporate CO2 into cells.

c. only a few enzymes.

d. their ability to synthesize precursor molecules.

e. their ability to utilize CO2 as a sole energy source.

Question 3

If the amino acid valine constituted approximately 4% of the total cell protein of a bacterium, how much valine should be added to a defined medium in order to grow 1 gram of this organism?

Select one:

a. 0.2 mg

b. 2 mg

c. 20 mg

d. 40 mg

e. 200 mg

Question 4

Transport of HPO₄ along with a proton (H⁺) is an example of

Select one:

a. antiport

b. uniport

c. facilitated diffusion

d. symport

e. group translocation

Question 5

The energy required for transport via ABC transporters is derived from

Select one:

a. a proton gradient

b. an electrical charge separation across the membrane

c. ATP hydrolysis

d. a symport mechanism

e. a high energy phosphate bond of PEP

Question 6

The spread plate method would clearly be preferred over the pour plate method when isolating colonies of

Select one:

a. anaerobic bacteria

b. thermophilic bacteria

c. bacteria from temperate lake zones

d. purple non-sulfur bacteria

e. agar-degrading bacteria

Question 7

Enrichment culture procedures for many microorganisms require intial growth in liquid media, followed by growth on solid media. The solid media is used to

Select one:

a. provide proper growth conditions.

b. isolate single colonies of the microbes.

c. get rid of competing microorganisms.

d. isolate strict aerobes.

e. enrich for specific nutrients.

Question 8

The optical density of light scattered by bacteria is a very useful tool for estimating population size. What can alter the bacteria's light-scattering properties?

Select one:

a. Cell volume depending on its growth stage

b. The condition of being absent of microorganisms.

c. The amount of light projected from the room.

d. The standard curve

e. Standard deviation from growth curve.

Question 9

What is true about a bacterial colony?

Select one:

a. It arises from an individual cell and represents an isolate strain.

b. Colonies, and CFU (colony forming units) on streak plates represent a diverse microbial culture.

c. In order to obtain a colony, on must perform cloning steps.

d. Axenic cultures to not represent CFUs or colonies.

e. Colonies require differential media in order to separate them from the population.

Question 10

What is a biofilm?

Select one:

a. All cells in a population achieve a steady state

b. A specialized, surface-attached, collaborative community of bacteria

c. A complex media made of the chemical building blocks that a cell needs

d. A type of anaerobic growth chamber.

e. A type of spore

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MCB 3020C Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Cellular Respiration, Carbon, Ammonia

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