HSAD T180 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Farjana

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lemonfish284

3 Jun 2020

School

Drexel University

Department

Health Services Administration

Course

HSAD T180

Professor

Kristine mulhorn

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Document Summary

Gender, human differences, and differences in opportunities play an important role in competitive sport. Even though opportunities for female athletes have increased over the past years, many females continue to lag far behind their male counterparts due to many reasons. While i was reading the articles, i thought it was outrageous that women have to do a gender test to prove that they are female. I was shocked to know all of the things they have to do to qualify to compete in sports. I found caster semenya"s story interesting for there is no clear evidence that high levels of testosterone could give someone an advantage in sport. Researchers associate physical performance with over 200 different genetic variations. More than 20 of those variants relate to elite athleticism (schultz, 2016). These can also give an athletic advantage when playing sports, however, athletics with these types of predispositions are not disqualified.

Related Questions

Meadow voles differ from prairie voles in that they:

	a.	are not monogamous.
	b.	show preference for a single partner if the AVPR1A gene is blocked.
	c.	release vasopressin but not oxytocin.
	d.	release oxytocin but not vasopressin.

5 points

Question 2

Painful events are detected by:

	a.	Free nerve endings.
	b.	Merkel's disks.
	c.	Meissner's corpuscles.
	d.	Pacinian corpuscles.

5 points

Question 3

It has been found that:

	a.	Language memory is stored near Broca's area.
	b.	Identifying pictures of hand tools uses memories stored in the left temporal lobe and hand motor areas.
	c.	Identifying the color of an object requires memories stored in the temporal lobe.
	d.	All of the above.

5 points

Question 4

Sex is considered to be a form of ___ behavior.

	a.	chaotic
	b.	motivated
	c.	learned
	d.	innate

5 points

Question 5

A difference between Einstein's brain and the average brain is that:

	a.	It was larger in size.
	b.	It was lighter in weight.
	c.	There were more neurons.
	d.	There was no difference.

5 points

Question 6

The individual in the opening chapter vignette lost virtually all motor control because the control of our muscles and, hence, our limbs and bodies is heavily influenced by and has to be integrated with our ___.

	a.	proprioception sense
	b.	vestibular sense
	c.	skin senses
	d.	visceral sense

5 points

Question 7

Which cortical area is most important for maintaining information in working memory when a distracting stimulus is introduced?

	a.	Temporal lobe.
	b.	Parietal lobe.
	c.	Prefrontal cortex.
	d.	All of the above.

5 points

Question 8

The anxiolytics that have the highest abuse and addiction potentials are:

	a.	Barbiturates.
	b.	SNRIs.
	c.	Benzodiazepines.
	d.	Tricyclics.

5 points

Question 9

If your grandfather suffered a stroke in his left prefrontal cortex, in what ability would he likely be most impaired?

	a.	Working out a complicated math problem in his head.
	b.	Wondering what the capital city of Nevada is.
	c.	Playing the piano.
	d.	Quickly telling you the value of 3x3.

5 points

Question 10

Major depression:

	a.	Can usually be explained by exposure to prolonged stress.
	b.	Always consists of decreased physical activity.
	c.	Generally appears after midlife.
	d.	None of the above.

5 points

Question 11

According to your text, one of the reasons that some psychologists question the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder is that:

	a.	Symptoms seem to come and go.
	b.	The symptoms are not consistent across diagnosing psychologists.
	c.	The number of diagnosed cases increased from 500 to 5000 over a period of six years.
	d.	They believe it is a popular diagnosis due to movies such as The Three Faces of Eve.

5 points

Question 12

When the differences in body size are accounted for, the average male's brain is ___ than the average female's brain.

	a.	heavier
	b.	lighter
	c.	the same size
	d.	the same ratio

5 points

Question 13

All of the following make it difficult to determine if there are gender-related differences in behavior and cognition except:

	a.	The results show evidence for strong differences, but people do not want to accept them.
	b.	Different researchers tend measure the same characteristic in different ways.
	c.	The differences that exist are relatively small.
	d.	People tend to talk to children dressed as boys or girls in different, subtle ways.

5 points

Question 14

The leading environmental cause of intellectual disability is:

	a.	Maternal alcoholism.
	b.	Rubella.
	c.	Prenatal exposure to virus.
	d.	Early infancy exposure to viruses.

5 points

Question 15

Antipsychotic medicines have come to be known as ___, which means ___.

	a.	psycholeptics; to have antipsychotic effects
	b.	neuroleptics; to have anti-neurosis effects
	c.	neuroleptics; to seize control of a neuron
	d.	psycholeptics; to seize control of a psychosis

5 points

Question 16

Using classical conditioning to pair a loud boat horn with presenting a blue slide, researchers found that with:

	a.	Hippocampus damage, conditioning occurred even though the subjects could not describe what was learned.
	b.	Amygdala damage, conditioning occurred even though the subjects could not describe what was learned.
	c.	Hippocampus damage, no conditioning occurred but subjects could describe the procedure.
	d.	None of the above.

5 points

Question 17

In the most famous case of Ablatio penis, where a young boy with XY chromosomes had his penis destroyed during a circumcision,

	a.	the child (Bruce) was born as a hermaphrodite and the decision was made to rear him as a girl (Brenda).
	b.	Money counseled the parents that by rearing the child (Bruce) as a girl, âsheâ (Brenda) would accept a female gender identity.
	c.	the child lost both testicles, which was the source for all of the male-specific hormones in âherâ body.
	d.	Money showed that the âneutral-at-birthâ position was in fact correct.

5 points

Question 18

The method of introspection is seldom used in today's research because:

	a.	Machines were developed that were more accurate.
	b.	It was found to be too subjective.
	c.	It required too much training to produce accurate results.
	d.	All of the above.

5 points

Question 19

Both Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease produce damage to:

	a.	Declarative memory.
	b.	Nondeclarative memory.
	c.	Memory of Lincolnâs birthplace.
	d.	Memory of what you had for breakfast.

5 points

Question 20

Lucid dreamers:

	a.	Show characteristics of being both awake and asleep.
	b.	Can control the content of their dreams.
	c.	Know that they are dreaming.
	d.	All of the above.

Meadow voles differ from prairie voles in that they:

Part III â Just How âIdenticalâ Are We?

Elise had been home from college for a week, and she was still preoccupied with Shannonâs diagnosis and her own potential risk for mental illness. Elise expressed her anxiety and concerns to her mother one night after dinner. âElise,â her mother said, âyour concerns are perfectly valid, and you have every reason to want to get more information. Why donât we make you an appointment to consult with a psychiatrist?â Elise decided to make the appointment the next day. * * * * * Elise left Dr. OâBrienâs offi ce feeling that some of the weight had been lifted from her shoulders. On the car ride home, she thought about the things that Dr. OâBrien had said to her during their consultation. âIt was good of you to come in to see me, Elise. You are absolutely right to have concerns for yourself when your identical twin has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Research shows that schizophrenia is almost 50% heritable, and since you share nearly identical DNA with your sister, that puts you at a higher risk for developing this disease as well.â âFifty percent may sound like a scary number, but remember that schizophrenia is a very complex disease, and 50% of what causes schizophrenia is due to things other than your DNA.â âWell, like what? What else could be contributing to Shannonâs schizophrenia that wouldnât necessarily aff ect me?â Elise asked. Dr. OâBrien replied, âTh ere are many, many environmental infl uences that seem to play a role in the development of this disease, such as increased stresses and anxiety, or diffi cult relationships with other people. Interestingly, there is some groundbreaking research that is going on that suggests that the environment itself might even play a role at infl uencing oneâs DNA at the molecular level. Th is concept is called epigenetics. An example of epigenetics in nature is the calico cat. Each calico cat has a unique orange and black fur color pattern because of alterations, called epigenetic changes, which occur within the cells that produce coat color during the catâs development. Research in the fi eld of epigenetics suggests that individuals with schizophrenia appear to have some of these epigenetic changes to their DNA that are due to environmental infl uences, and that these alterations could be contributing to their development of mental illness.â âBut wouldnât I also have these âepigenetic alterationsâ in my DNA?â Elise asked. âNot necessarily, because you and Shannon have not experienced completely identical environments throughout your lives. For example, you and Shannon have had diff erent teachers and jobs throughout high school. And I also understand that you spent many childhood summers with a friend and her family out in the Grand Canyon, while your sister was off at swim camps. If you are interested, I can give you some literature to read about this subject.â Elise was defi nitely interested. She took the articles and headed home.

1. Briefly describe what you know about the structure of DNA and how DNA is packaged in a cell.

2. At the molecular level, speculate on some ways that the environment might have an infl uence on DNA and its packaging

ivorygoose685

Hello, could I get some assistance summarizing this article for a discussion:

Read the articles and discuss the problems of Economic Inequality in the U.S.economy, summarize key points and post in the Discussions area:

Competition police crossing continents

Competition authorities are increasingly reaching beyond their country's borders

Feb 22^nd, 2014

WHEN TWO AMERICAN presidents, Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft, embarked on a trustbusting mission a century ago, they were taking government into a new policy area: competition. Industrialization was still relatively new, and any monopolies that had emerged, such as the British and Dutch East India companies, had been created by governments.

The robber-baron companies of the late 19th century were accused of using their industrial muscle to drive competitors out of business. Private monopolies, the argument ran, diminished the benefits of capitalism; by definition, the existence of a monopoly made it impossible for a free market to operate.

Since then, governments have generally had some kind of competition policy, though not necessarily a coherent one. Politicians have tried to juggle several different priorities, among them putting the government in control of "strategic" industries (a category that has always included defense but often also a range of other industries, from airlines to car manufacturing, power generation, and telecoms); shielding domestic businesses from foreign ownership or competition, and protecting consumers from price-gouging.

In the past two decades, a new concern has emerged: that monopolies may be restricting innovation. The technology industry seems to have been particularly prone to creating near-monopolies, from Microsoft in software to Amazon in retailing and Google in an internet search. This is due to network effects. Consumers gravitate to the dominant technology, either because it offers more products or because many of their friends are already using the network concerned. These monopolists, it is feared, will be slow to introduce new technologies that might cannibalize their existing business; and they will be so entrenched that new competitors will find it hard to get a foothold.

Microsoft bundled its Internet Explorer browser with its dominant Windows operating software on personal computers. America's Department of Justice saw this as an attempt to force Netscape, a rival browser, out of the market. In a long court case that began in 1998, Microsoft was initially ordered to break itself in two. This ruling was overturned on appeal and a less onerous settlement was arrived at.

At the time many commentators felt that the authorities had overreached themselves. Internet Explorer was provided free of charge, so it was hard to see how consumers were being harmed. But this is a tricky area. On the one hand, rapid technological change can cause once-dominant companies to lose their position very quickly if they do not adapt; look at Nokia's and BlackBerry's mobile-phone businesses. Some argue that if the market is capable of such adjustment, governments should not get involved. The fact that some consumers make the wrong decision some of the time is not the basis for intervention, as long as all consumers are not being ripped off, says Simon Bishop of RBB Economics, a consultancy. On the other hand, such rapid change makes it hard to tell whether monopoly positions are being exploited, or whether a more competitive market would have produced more innovations.

Competition authorities have also had to rethink their role in cross-border deals. If one multinational takes over another, that might not create a monopoly in the country where the two groups have their headquarters, but it could do so in another country. A proposal for a merger between General Electric and Honeywell, announced in October 2000, was cleared by America's Department of Justice but blocked by the European Commission the following year. That objection appeared to herald a new era of transatlantic takeover disputes; in fact, it remains the only deal so far to have been cleared in America but blocked on the other side of the Atlantic.

However, there have been other instances of transatlantic disputes. In 2009 the European Commission imposed a 1.06 billion ($1.4 billion) fine on Intel, a chipmaker, after a complaint brought by an American rival, AMD. The ruling seemed to suggest that multinationals faced the prospect of double jeopardy because of inconsistent international rules.

We do it our way

There are some philosophical differences between Europe and America. Europe has a long tradition of state ownership of industry; even after privatization, many such companies retain dominant positions, at least in their national markets. In America, by contrast, market leaders have got there the hard way, by having superior technology or being more efficient. In Europe competition policy tends to be rules-based, with the European Commission issuing guidance for future mergers to follow; in America merger decisions tend to be hammered out in the courts, establishing legal precedent.

But multinationals also have to deal with competition policy in emerging markets. China is a particular challenge. The Chinese use competition policy to achieve other ends to keep out foreign firms or attack existing foreign businesses says, one expert. Latin American countries have tended to adopt the American model of competition policy, whereas eastern Europe has followed the example. Merger authorities from different countries have set up the International Competition Network to share the experience. Such efforts may reduce the double-jeopardy problems in international mergers, if only because rules may be applied more consistently.

In the longer term, the question is whether national competition policies will prove adaptable enough to cope with a globalized economy. It may make economic sense for global companies to exploit economies of scale and bring down prices for consumers, but national governments may be reluctant to accept the loss of control involved. In air travel, for example, fares have been reduced under pressure from low-cost airlines, but these newcomers are still being held back by policies that favor flagship carriers. If regulators in rich countries were to prove more zealous than their counterparts in emerging markets in restricting the size of multinationals, Western firms might be put at a competitive disadvantage.

New concerns for competition authorities are emerging all the time. Chris Walters, the acting chief economist of Britain's Office of Fair Trading (OFT), cites the practice of pay-for-delay, whereby a firm that holds a drug patent pays a generic manufacturer not to launch a rival drug to preserve the patent-holders monopoly profits. And David Currie, the chairman of the Competition and Markets Authority (which will take over from the OFT in April), recently pointed to a vast new potential problem, which he described as the growing collection, processing, and use of consumer-transaction data for commercial ends. This is proving an increasingly important source of competitive advantage; we need to be alert to the possibility that it will be an increasing source of consumer detriment.

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HSAD T180 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Farjana

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