PSYCH 2010 Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Social Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Abnormal Psychology
30 Apr 2018
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Chapter 14: Abnormal psychology
Criteria of Abnormal Behavior
1. Deviance: behavior that deviates from the norm
2. Distress: personal distress
3. Dysfunctional (maladaptive): prevents functioning in daily life
a. Most important to psychologists
4. Abnormal vs. normal is on a continuum
5. Value judgements: what could be normal to someone may be abnormal to others
Medical Model
1. Useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease
2. Diagnosis: distinguish one disease from another----hat
3. Etiology: the apparent causation and development----hy
a. Biopsychosocial
4. DSM: book outlining psychological disorders
a. Original hade over 100 disorders (very vague)
b. Recent (DSM-5) has over 500 disorders
i. Says over ½ of population will have a psychological disorder
ii. Not as vague
iii. Only 70% agreement between psychologists
DSM Categories
1. Anxiety disorders: feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety
i. 20% of the population at some point in their life
a. Gene anxiety disorder: chronic levels of high anxiety, not tied to any specific
threat
i. Not free floating, people tend to be anxious about everything
b. Specific phobias: persistent and irrational; fear of any object or situation that
presents no realistic danger
i. Mild phobias are common
c. Panic disorder: recurrent, unexpected attacks of overwhelming anxiety
i. People with severe panic attacks can mistake them for heart attacks
d. Agoraphobia: fear places that are hard to escape to get help
i. Crowds, enclosed or open spaces
ii. Meas fear of the arketplae
e. Social anxiety disorder: extreme fear of being judged that it causes people to
avoid social situations
• Etiology of anxiety disorders
o Genetic disposition
o Stress
o Neurochemical
o Cognitive
o Phobias
▪ Preparedness
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▪ Conditioning
• Classical: caused
• Operant: maintain the phobia
2. Somatic symptoms and related disorders: physical ailments that cannot be explained by
organic (medical) conditions and are largely due to psychological factors
i. Malingering: faking it
ii. Psychosomatic: real disease of psychological origin
a. Somatic symptoms disorder: diverse physical ailments that appear to be
psychological in origin
b. Illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriac): preoccupation with having or acquiring
a serious illness
a. Minimal symptoms if any
b. The idea of the illness
c. Conversion disorder: altered voluntary motor or sensory functions with no
organic origin
a. People thikig that they are lid or a’t alk
i. Hard to tell if someone is faking it
• Etiology of somatic symptoms disorders
o Not too dependent of biological factors
o Based on personality (neuroticism)
▪ People that are highly suggestive
o Cognitive
▪ Physiological process
▪ People tend to catastrophize
o Stress
3. Major depressive disorder (unipolar): persistent feelings of sadness or despair
a. Anhedonia: lack of pleasure, feeling worthless
i. Depressed almost every day all day
ii. Episodic: comes and goes
1. Episodes can last for up to 6 months
a. Related to anxiety
iii. 90% of suicides are committed by someone with a disorder
1. Of that 90%, 50-60% of those people have depression
2. Men are more successful at suicide than women
b. Dysthymia: chronic but mild depression
4. Bipolar disorder: one or more manic phases with periods of depression
a. Manic episode: period of euphoria
i. People tend to get little or no sleep and have an extreme lack of
judgement and self-control
b. Cyclothymia: chronic but mild bipolar symptoms
• Etiology of both depression and bipolar disorder
o Big genetic basis
o Neurochemicals
o Biological
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▪ For depression: people tend to have a smaller hippocamical volume
o Cognitive factors
▪ Learned helplessness
▪ Rumination: thinking about something over and over again
• Higher rate of depression in women most likely due to this
o Poor social skills
o Stress: interactions with genetics
5. Dissociative disorders: loss of contact with portion of consciousness or memory,
disrupted sense of identity
i. Daydreaming is common
a. Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder): 2 or more largely
complete, usually very different, personalities coexisting in one person
ii. transition between personalities is random and sudden
iii. usually have a history of three or more disorders
iv. 1/3 of psychologists had a problem with it going in the DSM
1. When it first came out people had 2-3 personalities
2. Now people have up to 15 personalities
v. Unevenly spread: suggested by the therapist
b. Dissociative amnesia: sudden loss of personal memories or important
information too extensive to be explained by forgetting
i. Can be a specific event or a loss of life history
ii. People are aware of these memory gaps
c. Depersonalization (out-of-body experience)/ derealization (detached from
surroundings)
• Etiology
o Stress and trauma
▪ Dissociative identity disorder can be caused by severe childhood
trauma by age nine
6. Obsessive compulsive and other related disorders
a. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD): characterized by persistent uncontrollable
intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessive) and urges to engage in senseless
rituals (compulsion)
b. Body dysmorphia disorder: preoccupation with one or more perceived flaws in
physical appearance that are not observable or appear slight to others
c. Hoarding disorder: persistent difficulty discarding or parting with processions
regardless of actual value
i. Usually a lack of insight until others point it out
ii. Gets worse every decade
• Etiology
o Genetic predisposition
o Stress interacts with the gene
7. Schizophrenia: disturbed thought process
a. 5 symptoms
i. Delusion: fixed false belief
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Document Summary
Dsm categories: anxiety disorders: feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety. Episodic: comes and goes: episodes can last for up to 6 months, related to anxiety. Can be a specific event or a loss of life history. Cluster c: anxious and fearful: narcissistic personality disorder (cluster b): Seen more in males: antisocial personality disorder (cluster b) {psychopath}: thi(cid:374)k they"re a(cid:271)o(cid:448)e the rules and will actively violate the rights of others. Lack empathy and guilt: do(cid:374)"t for(cid:373) atta(cid:272)h(cid:373)e(cid:374)ts to others, people are views as objects. These are serial killers: histrionic personality disorder (cluster b): overly dramatic. Seen more in women: borderline personality disorder (cluster b): insecure, needy, more likely to cut, physical pain distracts from the emotional pain. Seen more in women: etiology of cluster b disorders, genetic, environmental, there is a lot of overlap within all clusters of personality disorders. D. : clinical: focus on severe disorders, counseling: everyday coping problems, psychiatrists (md)
