HIST 221 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Bantu Expansion, History Of Africa, Multiple Choice
1
Africa and Pacific
What’s something big people overlook?
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Final
I. Friday June 10 at 10:10am
II. Two essays written BEFORE exam
A. Handwrite collapse essay in bluebook
B. Type four evaluate essays in polylearn and print
1. What did person do well?
a. best sentence (s)he wrote
2. How could the person improve?
3. Criteria = your choice
4. How graded?
a. Summary = F
b. not explaining WHY good or bad = F
c. writing “it’s interesting” = F for being lazy
d. being helpful = A
III. Multiple choice not cumulative
IV. Feats of Proof
A. 1177 B.C., Fall of Rome, Chinese articles on polylearn
V. Bring
A. two pre-written essays
B. scantron, pencils, and cheatsheet (one-page, double-sided, handwritten)
VI. Office hrs: Monday 11-12:55
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Why no huge African empires?
I. Geography
A. fragments continent
B. north-south orientation
II. Domesticated animals
A. most came from Eurasia & arrived late
B. big African animals not domesticated
Why did Eurasia not conquer Sub-Sahara Africa?
I. Geography
II. White Man’s Graveyard (mosquito fevers)
A. Malaria
B. Yellow Fever
1. kills 30,000/yr today
C. European mortality in Africa
1. early 1800s: soldiers stationed in Africa died 500-700 per 1000 each yr
Why development?
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
2
I. contact, no empires
A. writing?
1. outsiders wrote most ancient African history
II. Size
A. ½ Eurasia
1. size
Eurasia 9000 miles
Africa 5000 miles
2. population
Eurasia 1997: 4b
Africa 1997: 700m
Bantu migration (ca. 2000 –1500 BC)
I. Before migration
A. Pygmies = C. Africa rainforests
B. Khoisans = S. Africa
II. How do we know migration happened? Linguistics! Holla!!
A. Niger-Congo mother lang (w. Africa)
B. Bantu = daughter lang of Niger-Congo family
C. Bantu split into 500 “granddaughter” langs
D. analogy
1. English spoken in Australia, N. America, England
2. theory: N. America colonized England & Australia
3. debunked b/c English daughter lang of Germanic lang family
III. Why important?
A. W. African immigrants expelled local culture. Bantu = dominant
1. pygmies & Khoisans engulfed
2. unknown whether conquered, interbred, diseased etc
3. 120 million blacks; 200,000 Pygmies
B. Iron spread throughout Africa
1. Bantu speakers in West Africa discovered iron smelting (ca 700 BC)
2. reached S. Africa (AD 200-1000)
3. iron farming states
East Africa
I. Nubia (2300-AD 350) (aka Kush, Meroe)
A. Where’s info from?
1. undecifered lang
2. outsiders & archaeology
B. resources
1. gold, copper
2. trade corridor b/w Egypt & tropical Africa
C. Egyptian trade missions (2300 BC)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
3
1. Egypt wants gold, ivory, ebony, slaves, exotic animals
D. Egyptian dominance (ca. 1900-1200 BC)
1. installed garrisons to control gold mines & protect trade (ca. 1900 BC)
2. Egyptian elitism
a. Nuba = slave
b. Nubians paid ivory, gold, skins, cattle to Egypt
Youtube: The Forgotten Kingdom: Nubia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NuIJsGkV2h4
(4:55)
3. Nubian hostages went to Egypt & returned w/ Egyptian culture
E. wannabe Egyptians
1. pyramids. more than Egypt
2. religion
F. Egypt Nubia (700s-600s BC)
1. Conquer Egypt (ca. 780-686 BC)
2. Assyrians expel Nubians from Egypt
G. repel Romans (23 BC)
H. fall
1. camel gave nomads more mobility
2. trade shifted from Nile to Red Sea
3. conquered by Aksum
I. why important?
1. can’t examine w/o Egypt
II. Aksum aka Ethiopia (ca. AD 300-600; 650-1137)
A. Christianity… like really really Christian
1. Ezana of Aksum (ca AD 330-350)
a. Converted to Christianity by Roman ambassadors
2. ark of covenant
3. origin: Queen of Sheba & Solomon
B. Only sub-saharan out-of-Africa empire (500s)
1. Jewish usurper took throne
2. Jewish usurper persecuted Christians
3. controlled the southwestern portion of the Arabian Peninsula (543-70)
C. Econ
1. trading hub b/w Rome & India
D. Downfall
1. FACT: stopped making coins (600s)
2. FACT: capital abandoned
3. SPECUTLATION: deforestation & rainfall decline soil erosion
4. SPECULATION: Red Sea trade declined due to Persian ascendancy
5. Muslims conquered Aksum (710)
E. Why important?
1. just as Christian as Europe.
a. demonstrates sim to Eur
b. universality of Xity
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
What"s something big people overlook: friday june 10 at 10:10am. Two essays written before exam: handwrite collapse essay in bluebook, type four evaluate essays in polylearn and print. Feats of proof: 1177 b. c. , fall of rome, chinese articles on polylearn, bring, two pre-written essays, scantron, pencils, and cheatsheet (one-page, double-sided, handwritten) Why no huge african empires: fragments continent, north-south orientation, geography. Domesticated animals: most came from eurasia & arrived late, big african animals not domesticated. Why did eurasia not conquer sub-sahara africa: geography. White man"s graveyard (mosquito fevers: malaria, yellow fever, kills 30,000/yr today, european mortality in africa, early 1800s: soldiers stationed in africa died 500-700 per 1000 each yr. 1: (cid:315) contact, no empires, (cid:315) writing, outsiders wrote most ancient african history. 2000 1500 bc: before migration, pygmies = c. africa rainforests, khoisans = s. africa. Why important: w. african immigrants expelled local culture.
