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PR 680 Lecture Notes - Lecture 58: Blind Experiment

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School
Ball State University
Department
Public Relations
Course
PR 680
Professor
Dr. Sungwon Chung

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Document Summary

You have to have control of your experiment. Control means that you reduce the variation and make conditions similar for all groups. Sometimes we use an actual control group like a placebo group, where you might give a drug to one group and not the other group just to see if the drug is even effective. Another form of control is just to make sure that the conditions are the same. So if we"re comparing to thinks like pepsi and coke, you might make sure the amount of pepsi and coke the participant takes is the same or might make sure they don"t know which one is which. This is controlling the situation so you get a similar results as possible or similar comparison as possible for good results. Within control, we can blind our individuals, which means we"re not going to physically blind them, but we make sure they don"t know what they are taking to get good results.

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Related Questions

Evaluate the financial performance of Coca-Cola; (KO) and Pepsi (PEP) for the year ended December 31, 2016. Follow the instructions below to access each company’s information and perform a financial analysis based on the financial measures we have learned in this course.

Select Http://www.yahoo.com/ and then select Finance. In the Search section at the top of the screen select KO for Coca-Cola and PEP for Pepsi

Select “Financials” and select Income Statement when accessing the Income Statement

Select “Financials” and select Balance Sheet when accessing the Balance Sheet

Do the following for KO and PEP for the year ended 12/31/16 only

Perform a vertical analysis of the Income Statement for KO and PEP for the year ended 12/31/16.

Include in your vertical analysis all of following as a % of total revenue:

Cost of Revenue as a % of Total Revenue

Gross Profit as a % of Total Revenue

Selling, gen and administrative expenses as a % of Total Revenue

Operating Income as a % of Total Revenue

Net Income as a % of Total Revenue

Current Ratio

Accounts Receivable turnover. Assume the total revenue on the income statement represents all sales on account for the year

Average collection period

Merchandise Inventory turnover. Assume the Cost of Revenue on the Income Statement is the same as the Cost of Goods Sold

Debt to Asset Ratio

Return on Assets Ratio

Asset Turnover

In preparing the vertical analysis and other financial analysis above; define each measure and identify the strengths and weaknesses of KO and PEP as related to each other. Below is an example of you should set it up.

Working Capital

KO

PEP

Current Assets

$ 34,010,000

$ 27,089,000

- Current Liabilities

$ 26,532,000

$ 21,135,000

Net Working Capital =

$ 7,478,000

$ 5,954,000

Strength or Weakness

Working Capital measures the ability of a company to meet its short-term obligations with current assets. Pepsi is and Coke are performing at about the same level. Cokes working capital is a little higher because they have higher current assets and current liabilities.

Requirements for Each Group

1.The vertical analysis prepared in 4 A above.

2.All of your computations for the financial analysis. (4 B through 4 H)

3.Identification of strengths and weaknesses. (Include a definition of each financial measure, a description of which company is doing better in each financial measure including the vertical analysis and explain why)

4.All group members must submit the Report Project Team Assessment

5.If the requirements above are not met, points will be deducted from Parts of the group projects.

Enter all requirements on the Group Project Problem 4 Tab.

Submit one set of answers per group for all four problems. Make sure to include each group members name at the top of each spreadsheet.

Each group member should download the Group Team Assessment and evaluate themselves and everyone else in their group. This evaluation should be submitted anonymously.

NOTE: I am just trying to wrap my head around these concepts so what I would like to know is of these 6 available options, which three, would be the simplest in terms of theory to explain? _______________________________________________________________________ Thevast majority of economists are classically trained, which means we tend to see the free and unencumbered functioning of the marketplace as yielding the best economic outcomes. Where policy is needed is when the market fails to produce socially acceptable results. A prime example of market failure has to do with pollution: unless polluters are forced to incorporate into their financial calculations the costs of the pollution they cause, they will overproduce and continue to destroy the environment. The following list describes situations where the government may want to step in: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Monopoly power: Markets may fail to control the abuses of monopoly power.---------- 2. Missing markets: Markets may fail to form, resulting in a failure to meet a need or want, such as the need for public goods, such as defense, street lighting, and highways. ------3. Incomplete markets: Markets may fail to produce enough merit goods, such as education and healthcare.------- 4. De-merit goods: Markets may also fail to control the manufacture and sale of goods like cigarettes and alcohol, which have less merit than consumers perceive. --------5. Property rights: Markets work most effectively when consumers and producers are granted the right to own property, but in many cases property rights cannot easily be allocated to certain resources. Failure to assign property rights may limit the ability of markets to form.-------- 6. Information failure: Markets may not provide enough information because, during a market transaction, it may not be in the interests of one party to provide full information to the other party. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Pick three from this list and explain what types of policies might be proposed to offset the market’s failure. Explain why your proposals might work but also if the policies themselves might have negative side effects.

For years we have been able to analyze the fossils of extincthumans like those of Neanderthals. Their bones gave us clues to howthey looked, how they lived, and how they might be related to us.In the last few years, we have been able to get a better view intothese extinct species and their relationship to our species. Thanksto next generation genomic sequencing technologies, we have beenable to obtain genetic data on Neanderthals, Denisovans and othersthat have allowed us to make direct comparisons between our speciesand theirs. In addition, we have been able to observe the presenceof DNA from these extinct species within our own genomes which tellus that we had kids with these now extinct humans.

If we take Neanderthal DNA as an example, we find that we share99.5 percent of our DNA with them. Which means that we andNeanderthals were separated from each other for more than 500,000years. This also means that we were genetically similar enough tobe able to have offspring with each other. We see evidence of thisgenetic introgression between us and Neanderthals when we look atour DNA. Interestingly, if we obtain one thousand DNA samples fromGrossmont College students, we estimate that we would be able toextract at least 20% of the Neanderthal genome from them. Thismeans that 20% of our collective nucleotide sequences are sharedwith Neanderthals but this doesn’t mean that 20% of our genes areNeanderthal specific genes. Of the twenty-one thousand genes thatNeanderthals had, only a few dozen of their genes survive withinour genome. The same holds true for Denisovans. What is moreinteresting is that older versions of ourselves have a tendency tohave higher levels of DNA from extinct humans compared toourselves. In other words, over the course of thousands of years wehave been slowly weeding out the DNA of the other humans from ourgenome in favor of our genes.

One basic question that we might like to ask is why have we beenlosing Neanderthal and Denisovan genes over time? Also, why do westill have a significant amount of DNA segments that don’t seem tobe going anywhere? The answer to this has to do with selection.

The answer to the first part of the question has to do with thefact that we were not fully genetically compatible with the otherhuman species to begin with. Basically, to have had Neanderthal orDenisovan genes in the past meant that an individual's level offitness was reduced. To get rid of their genes in favor of our ownwould mean that the relative fitness of individuals would increaseovertime.

The answer to the second question has to do with the fact thatDNA segments from Neanderthals and Denisovans that did not code forproteins remained because there was little selective pressureagainst them. As far as genes are concerned, the only Neanderthaland Denisovan genes that remain only exist because they had aselective advantage or at least have been neutral to ourspecies.

DNA segments that that were neutral or that had a selectiveadvantage, whether genes or not, simply remained because they wereadvantages or there was little selective pressure against them.

Your task for this week is to look for information about oneNeanderthal or Denisovan gene that survive within our species andto tell me what function that gene has and how that gene mayincrease the fitness of modern human populations.

  • In your post, discussONE Neanderthal orDenisovan gene that is currently found within our species.
    • Tell us about the gene and its function. Explain what it doesfor us. (Make sure you give a citation.)
    • Explain in your own words any possible advantages that yourNeanderthal or Denisovan gene might have. Make sure you give ininformed opinion that is grounded in your research.