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PR 680 Lecture Notes - Lecture 36: Simple Random Sample, Stratified Sampling, Multistage Sampling

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School
Ball State University
Department
Public Relations
Course
PR 680
Professor
Dr. Sungwon Chung

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Document Summary

Recall that our population refers to the group of things that we want information about. A sample refers to part of the population that we take out to examine and draw conclusions from. Biased samples: these occur when one or more parts of the population are favored over others. The two types of bias sample include the convenience sample and the voluntary response sample. A convenience sample only includes people who are easy to reach. If we have a population and we have a researcher that comes along to interview people, then they will only talk to the people closer to them to be a part of the sample. This is a biased sampling method because not everyone in the population has an equal chance of being part of the sample. Only people that are of convenience to the researcher will be interviewed. A voluntary response sample consists of people that have chosen to include themselves in a sample.

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Related Questions

based on your additional research, should police departments employ predictive policing to reduce crime with limited resources? Be sure to carefully defend your response with reasons and consider an objection (which you respond to) before you conclude the argument.

 

My response: I agree that being a part of the white society is like the concept of invisible privilege that has a familiar simile in that it is analogous to an invisible weightless knapsack. This metaphor emphasizes that white privilege, even though it may not be immediately obvious, has considerable advantages and opportunities that may include a lot of benefits and freedom to life. White people benefit from the structures and institutions in which they live. In the same culture, they were trained to be oblivious to their benefits. The undeserved advantages that were created by white people made people of color feel as if they were being oppressed. It is a norm and dominating racial power to be white in this society. For instance, if a white person comes into a new neighborhood, they are fairly certain that the bulk of their neighbors are the same color as them. A person has no idea of the advantages they have until they put themselves in the shoes of other people of color. Peggy McIntosh said that white advantages don't originate from a fault in a single human or from a single individual using them. It is via an inherent fault in the system that white privilege is created. If we wish to effect systemic change, it must occur inside the system. Systems have a major impact on individual behavior in the social world. We may all do our part to hasten the end. McIntosh maintains that white people may see racism in a different way when something gives them an advantage over others, not because it benefits white people. Systemic oppressions have interactive and internalized characteristics. Teaching racism as an act rather than an overall system that advantages the dominant group makes it difficult for white people to see themselves as racists. Embedded systems can't be eliminated, the recognition of them is important. Change won't come from just being dissatisfied with the system. McIntosh's example offers many benefits for comprehending white privilege. There are many advantages to understanding white privilege as the McIntosh example demonstrates. While it is true that 'whiteness' is simply about skin color, the various definitions of race reveal that it is really much more than that. The fact that McIntosh refers to white advantage rather than non-white disadvantage when framing the discussion of race reinforces the overall idea that race should be seen in terms of advantage rather than disadvantage.

 

 

 

include

1. Introduction

-State thesis and summarize argument

-Define any key terms

2. Main Body

-Argument 1, Argument 2, Argument 3

3. Objection

-Response to objection

4. Conclusion

-Restate thesis/summarize your main arguments

Case Study: Building a New Urgent Care Center

“It’s a slam dunk,” said Kim, the marketing ana-lyst. “The volumes we’ve forecasted ensure that the new urgent care center will be profitable within six months.”“Great,” replied Angel, vice president of strategic management, “but I think it would be useful to walk through those numbers to put everyone at ease.”“OK, here’s how we forecasted visits,” said Kim. “There are 40,000 people living in our primary market area. National rates suggest that a population of this size will make 6,000 urgent care visits each year. Right now, our emergency department sees 2,500 urgent—but not emergent—visits each year. We believe that 1,500 of them will come to the urgent care center. Our seat-of-the-pants estimate is that Provi-dence, the other hospital serving our primary market area, sees 2,000 urgent care patients per year in its emergency department. We expect to get half of those visits. We also expect that the added convenience of the urgent care center will bring in an additional 500 visits each year. So, 3,000 visits per year, each yielding revenue of $125, give us $375,000 in total revenue. We have fixed costs of $200,000. Our best estimate is that each visit has variable costs of $20, so we’re talking profits of $115,000, for a margin on sales of 30 percent.”“That’s nice and clear,” said Angel, “but I’d like to take a closer look. About half of the patients Providence sees would have to drive past Providence to get to our urgent care center. Do we have any indication that those folks will do that? My second concern is that our emergency department is open 24/7. The urgent care center will be open 82 hours per week. Can we really hope to capture 60 percent of the emergency department’s urgent care patients?”

Discussion questions:

• What happens to profits if the urgent care center has only 2,000 visits?

• To what extent does Kim’s forecast rely on judgment rather than data? Would additional information help resolve Angel’s concerns? What sort of data would you suggest gathering?

• Does building the urgent care center seem risky? Could you do anything to reduce the amount of risk?

• Would there be any advantages to planning for a small patient volume and letting your customers surprise you? Suppose you plan for 2,000 visits but volume turns out to be 3,000. What happens? Would underestimating the volume be better or worse than planning for 3,000 and getting only 2,000?

A statement that is necessarily false, or a group of statements that, taken together, are inconsistent. A) Division B) Suppression C) Questionable Cause D) Contradiction 2. An attack on one’s opponent rather than one’s opponent’s argument. A) Faulty Comparison B) Categorical Proposition C) False Dilemma D) Ad Hominem Argument 3. Consciously believing at a deeper level what we know to be dubious. A) Mood B) Conclusion C) Self-Deception D) Irrelevant Reason 4. A limited perspective shaped by the ideas, interests, and kinds of behavior favored by the groups with which we identify. A) Provincialism B) Delusional C) Composition D) Tokenism 5. Drawing conclusions about a population on the basis of a sample that is too small to be a reliable measure of that population. A) Minor Term B) Small Sample C) Suppressed Evidence D) Rationalization 6. Is the following argument valid or invalid? If valid, explain whether it is deductive or inductive. If invalid, explain why: “Mr. Michaels believes that he is the only person on the ballot capable of running our town. He says so time and again in his campaign speeches and ads. What he fails to mention is that he is an alcoholic womanizer with no scruples. Who in their right mind could vote for that?” HTML Editor 7. The fallacy in which it is assumed parts of an item have a particular property because the item as a whole has that property. A) Premise B) Indirect Proof C) Division D) Unrepresentative Sample 8. The fallacious drawing of a conclusion from relevant but insufficient evidence. A) Appeal to Authority B) Hasty Conclusion C) Loyalty D) Middle Term 9. Valid reasoning from justified (warranted) premises that include all likely relevant information. A) Guilt by Association B) Indirect Proof C) Cogent Reasoning D) Contradiction 10. A comparison of one thing to another based on a perceived similarity. A) Indirect Proof B) Analogy C) Two Wrongs Make a Right D) Questionable Cause 11. Is the following argument valid or invalid? If valid, explain whether it is deductive or inductive. If invalid, explain why: “Mrs. Kelvin has accused me of intentionally denting her rear fender. I neither confirm nor deny this, however in telling her story she leaves out an important point. As we were both leaving our driveways that morning, I backed onto the street first. She saw this and then deliberately pulled in front of my vehicle as I was preparing to continue down the street. Mrs. Kelvin intended to cut me off, so what happened to her car was entirely her fault.” HTML Editor 12. Is the following argument valid or invalid? If valid, explain whether it is deductive or inductive. If invalid, explain why: “After careful consideration, it is the determination of the board that free soda will no longer be provided in the break room. Before making this decision, a survey was distributed amongst all members of the upper management to determine their opinion on the matter. Based on the majority of responses, it was evident that withdrawing the free soda will not have any significant negative effect on morale.” HTML Editor 13. Use of a term in a passage to mean one thing in one place and something else in another. A) Cogent Reasoning B) Superstition C) Equivocation D) Inconsistent