HUMA 205 Lecture Notes - Covalent Bond, Protein Structure, Insulin
Amino acids joining:
Linked together to form proteins by pep8de bonds through covalent
bond
Pep8de can form between any two amino acids
R group not involved in pep8de bond
Can be any length
Dipep8de= 2 amino acids
Polypep8de= many amino acids
Protein= long chains with at least 50 amino acids
Levels of protein structure:
Primary:
Order of amino acids in chain is called the sequence which gives it
it’s uniqueness
The R group is in the same posi8on for each amino acids
Insulin: glucose homeostasis
Has two chains: A with 21 amino acids and B with 30 amino acids
Secondary:
Alpha Helix:
A localized spa8al arrangement of a polypep8de chain
A corkscrew chain that looks like a telephone cord
Held by H bonds between the H of N-H group and the O of C=O of
pep8de backbone further down the chain
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The unique shape (conforma2on) gives a protein its biological
ac2vity
Loss of conforma2on usually means loss of biological ac2vity –
denatura2on
Example: bonds that hold structures together in egg white protein
are disrupted by heat
Causes:
Heat and chemicals: break hydrogen bonds and disrupt hydrophobic
interac2ons
Change in pH (acids and bases)
Heavy metal ions: disrupt S-S bonds
Agita2on: breaks hydrogen bonds
CARBOHYDRATES:
7. Describe the composi2on, structure, and the role of
Carbohydrates in the body:
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Document Summary
Linked together to form proteins by pepde bonds through covalent bond. Pepde can form between any two amino acids. R group not involved in pepde bond. Protein= long chains with at least 50 amino acids. Order of amino acids in chain is called the sequence which gives it it"s uniqueness. The r group is in the same posion for each amino acids. Has two chains: a with 21 amino acids and b with 30 amino acids. A localized spaal arrangement of a polypepde chain. A corkscrew chain that looks like a telephone cord. Held by h bonds between the h of n-h group and the o of c=o of pepde backbone further down the chain. Consists of a polypepde chain arranged side by side. Has hydrogen bonds between di;erent parts of chain. R groups below and above the sheet. Shape determined by aaracons and repulsions between r groups.