BI110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Covalent Bond, Base Pair, Uracil

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greenmammoth432

6 Dec 2017

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You are what you eat: you consume fats, proteins ans carbohydrates to obtain energy, these are also used as the building blocks for cellular growth and repair. Carbon based molecules and their building blocks. Sugar are carbohydrates: component of dna and rna, additional biological functions: Formation involves the loss of a water molecule. Contain a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphate groups. Adjacent pairs of nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester bonds. The formation of this bond are results in the loss of a water molecule. 2 hydrogen bonds between a-t, 3 hydrogen bonds between g-c. Similar to dna with exceptions: uracil, not thymine, pairs of adenine, ribose sugar - c2"-oh. Rna can base pair with dna: u base bars with a. R groups that determine identity of amino acid and give it their properties. Adjacent amino acids are joined by peptide bonds. The formation of this bond also results in the loss of a water molecule.

Related Questions

Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

False

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Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

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Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

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Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

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Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

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Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

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Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport

cell fate

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

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Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids

transmembrane channel proteins

cell surface proteins

carbohydrate chains

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Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

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Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus

organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

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Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes

golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

nucleus

mitochondria

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Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

Carbon dioxide is given off.

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Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

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Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2

R Group or functional group

COOH

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Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

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Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

They have different sugars.

Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

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Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate

a nitrogen containing base

All are components of a nucleotide.

5-carbon sugar

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Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins

carbohydrate chains

phospholipids

cell surface proteins

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Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes and nucleolus

peroxisomes and lysosomes

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Question 601 pts

The is an extensive system of internal membranes responsible for producing carbohydrates and lipids.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

nucleolus

mitochondria

sangriarat617

20. All living things must maintain a constantinternal environment to function properly through the process of__. (Points : 2)

metamorphosis
alkalosis
homeostasis
cryogenesis

Question 21.21. Glucose, fructose, sucrose,starch and glycogen are all examples of ___. (Points : 2)

proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids

Question 22.22. Some insects can "walk onwater" because __. (Points : 2)

water has a high surfacetension
water is adhesive
water istransparent
water expands when itfreezes

Question 23.23. To overcome an energy barrierbetween reactants and products in a chemical reaction, energy mustbe provided to get the reaction started. This energy is called ___energy. (Points : 2)

potential
reaction
initiation
activation

Question 24.24. Where in the cell doesglycolysis takes place? (Points : 2)

lysosomes
cytoplasm
mitochondria
nucleus

Question 25.25. Photosynthesis uses sunlightto convert water and carbon dioxide into __. (Points : 2)

carbon dioxide andwater
oxygen and sugars
proteins and sugars
carbon dioxide andoxygen

Question 26.26. The _____ of photosynthesisare the _____ of cellular respiration. (Points : 2)

electrons, protons
pigments, products
products, reactants
elements, atoms

Question 27.27. The energy currency of thecell is __. (Points : 2)

glucose
ATP
starch
glycogen

Question 28.28. When blood glucose levelsdecrease (as between meals), what reserves are tapped first?(Points : 2)

glycogen
fats
steroids
amino acids

Question 29.29. When glucose is used as anenergy source, the largest amount of ATP is produced by the ____portion of the entire respiratory process. (Points : 2)

glycolytic
Kreb's cycle
acetyl-CoAformation
electron transportchain

Question 30.30. Pyruvic acid can be regardedas the end product of ____. (Points : 2)

glycolysis
fermentation
the Kreb cycle
the electron transportchain

Question 31.31. How can one increase the rateof a chemical reaction? (Points : 2)

Increase the activationenergy.
Cool the reactants.
Decrease the pH.
Add an enzyme(catalyst).

Question 32.32. A prokaryote has ___. (Points: 2)

membrane-boundorganelles
nucleus
mitochondria
a cell membrane

Question 33.33. Unlike animal cells, plantcells have __. (Points : 2)

cell membranes
cell walls
chromosomes
mitochondria

Question 34.34. Which of the followingrequires energy to move molecules across the cell membrane? (Points: 2)

diffusion
osmosis
active transport
passive transport

Question 35.35. The ___ is the site of proteinsynthesis. (Points : 2)

nucleus
ribosome
mitochondrion
cytoskeleton

Question 36.36. Diffusion of water through asemipermeable membrane is called __. (Points : 2)

osmosis
diffusion
active transport
passive transport

Question 37.37. Which component of a cellmembrane is likely to function as a transporter? (Points : 2)

cholesterol
lipids
proteins
carbohydrates

Question 38.38. If potato slice is placed indistilled water, the cells would most likely __. (Points : 2)

lose water and becomelimp
neither take up water orlose water
take up water andswell
transport water into thecell by active transport.

Question 39.39. The chloroplast functions in___. (Points : 2)

protein synthesis
lipid storage
DNA replication
photosynthesis

Question 40.40. The fluid mosaic modelpresents the modern view of ___. (Points : 2)

the cell membranestructure
chromosome movementduring mitosis
protein synthesis
ATP production

Question 41.41. During which stage of mitosisdo nucleoli reappear and the nuclear membrane reforms? (Points :2)

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 42.42. During which stage of mitosisdo chromatids separate to form two sets of daughter chromosomes?(Points : 2)

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 43.43. Which of the following is thelongest stage of mitosis? (Points : 2)

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 44.44. When during the cell cycle isDNA replicated? (Points : 2)

metaphase
Synthesis phase (S)
G1
cytokinesis

Question 45.45. A cell with 10 chromosomesundergoes mitosis and cell division. How many daughter cells areproduced and what number of chromosomes do they have? (Points :2)

4 daughter cells, 20chromosomes each
4 daughter cells, 5chromosomes each
2 daughter cells, 10chromosomes each
2 daughter cells, 5chromosomes each

Question 46.46. Maize (corn) has a haploidnumber of 10. How many chromosomes are in a zygote of maize?(Points : 2)

5
10
20
Not enough informationprovided

Question 47.47. Crossing over is one of themost important events in meiosis because __. (Points : 2)

homologous chromosomesare separated into different daughter cells
the number of chromosomesallotted to each daughter cell must be halved
sister chromatids must beseparated into different daughter cells
it produces new arrays ofalleles on chromosomes and contributes to genetic diversity

Question 48.48. While viewing stained onionroot tip cells you notice that distinct chromosomes cannot beobserved in most of the cells. This is because most of the cells___. (Points : 2)

were killed whilepreparing the slide
are in Interphase
are in metaphase
are undergoingMeiosis

Question 49.49. Each offspring cell producedby binary fission contains __. (Points : 2)

half the chromosomes ofthe original cell
twice as many chromosomesas the original cell
an independent assortmentof the original cell's chromosomes
an identical copy of theoriginal cell's chromosome.

Question 50.50. A DNA strand has the sequenceA-C-A-G-C-C-G-T-A. What would be its complementary strand? (Points: 2)

G-T-G-A-T-T-A-C-G
A-C-A-G-C-C-G-T-A
T-G-T-C-G-G-C-A-T
U-G-U-C-G-G-C-A-U

erinmoose680

I JUST NEED SIMPLE/BASIC ANSWERS NOT LONG ANSWERS

1. Explain how life can be viewed at different levels of biological complexity.

2. Explain how researchers study biology at different levels, ranging from molecules to ecosystems.

3. Distinguish between discovery-based science and hypothesis testing, and describe the steps of the scientific method.

4. Tell whether a given topic or research study is about biology. Tell whether that study is discovery-based or hypothesis testing, or both.

5. If presented with a research study, propose what the Research Question was.

6. If presented with an example, tell whether a statement is a hypothesis, theory or law and why you think so.

Describe the general structure of atoms and their constituent particles.

Relate atomic structure to the periodic table of the elements. List the elements that make up most of the mass of all living organisms.

Explain how a single element may exist in more than one form, called isotopes, and how certain isotopes have importance in human medicine.

Compare and contrast the types of atomic interactions (bonds) that lead to the formation of molecules.

Tell which atoms and how many of each make up a given molecule (formula or diagram).

For a bond in a given molecule, tell whether the bond is covalent, and if it is, tell whether it is polar or nonpolar and why you think so.

Explain the concept of electronegativity and how it contributes to the formation of polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. Tell whether a given atom is electronegative or not, and why you think so. Label partial charges in a polar bond.

Draw five water molecules and label the atoms and bonds within and between the 5 molecules.

Describe how hydrogen bonding determines many properties of water.

List the properties of water that make it a valuable solvent, and distinguish between hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances.

Explain how water has the ability to ionize into hydroxide ions (OH^â) and into hydrogen ions (H⁺), and how the H⁺ concentration is expressed as a solution's pH.

Explain the properties of carbon that make it the chemical basis of all life.

Describe the variety and chemical characteristics of common functional groups of organic compounds.

Diagram how small molecules may be assembled into larger ones by dehydration reactions and how hydrolysis reactions can reverse this process.

List the four major classes of organic molecules and macromolecules found in living organisms

If shown a molecule, tell whether it is organic or not and how you know.

If shown an organic molecule, tell whether it is an amino acid, nucleotide, fatty acid, steroid, monosaccharide or disaccharide and how you know.

Distinguish among different forms of carbohydrate molecules, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Relate the functions of plant and animal polysaccharides to their structure.

List the several different classes of lipid molecules important in living organisms.

Diagram the structure of a triglyceride and explain how it is affected by the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Explain why some fats are solid at room temperature, and others are liquid.

Discuss how fats function as energy-storage molecules.

Apply knowledge of the structure of phospholipids to the formation of cellular membranes.

Describe the chemical nature of steroids and give an example of their biological importance.

Give examples of the general types of functions that are carried out in cells by different types of proteins.

Explain how amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide, and distinguish between a polypeptide and protein.

Describe the levels of protein structure and the factors that determine them. If shown a protein diagram, label parts that represent its levels of structure. Tell what kind of research techniques are used to determine protein structure.

Outline the bonding forces important in determining protein shape and function.

Explain what domains are and their importance in proteins.

Describe the three components of nucleotides.

Distinguish between the structures of DNA and RNA.

Tell how certain bases pair with others in DNA and RNA.

Discuss the 4 major categories of organic macromolecules found in living things, including structure, function and location of each.

Compare and contrast the general structural features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Outline the differences in complexity among bacteria, animal, and plant cells.

Describe how a eukaryotic cell can be viewed as four interacting systems: the nucleus, cytosol, endomembrane system, and semiautonomous organelles.

Explain how the proteome underlies the structure and function of cells.

Analyze how cell size and shape affect the surface area/volume ratio.

Identify the location of the cytosol in a eukaryotic cell and list its general functions.

Describe the three types of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton. Identify which underlie cilia, flagella, centrioles, the nuclear lamina, and the brush border. Tell which are readily assembled and disassembled. Tell which are involved in various cell shape changes or movements.

Explain how motor proteins interact with microtubules or actin filaments to promote cellular movement.

Describe the structure and organization of the cell nucleus. Describe the structure and function of nuclear pores.

Outline the structures and general functions of the components of the endomembrane system.

Distinguish between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Identify three important functions of the plasma membrane.

Tell why mitochondria and chloroplasts are called semi-autonomous organelles.

Discuss the evidence for the endosymbiosis theory.

Outline the structures and general functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Explain how proteins are moved via vesicles through the endomembrane system.

If you are told about the function of a specific protein, tell where and in what type of cell that protein might be found.

Sketch and label a âtypicalâ animal cell and a real animal cell such as a red blood cell or a muscle cell. Tell how it might be different than the âtypicalâ cell in terms of its organelles and shape.

Sketch and label a âtypicalâ plant cell and a real plant cell such as a root or leaf cell. Tell how it might be different than the âtypicalâ cell in terms of its organelles and shape.

Describe the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure. Tell why membranes are described as âfluid mosaicsâ.

Draw 10 phospholipid molecules as they would be arranged in a bilayer. Label the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts.

61. Name all the places in a cell where membranes are found.

62. Describe at least three different categories of membrane proteins and tell what they do.

63. Describe what determines how fluid membranes are.

64. Explain how lipids are synthesized at the ER membrane.

65. Explain how transmembrane proteins are inserted into the ER membrane.

66. Compare and contrast diffusion, facilitated diffusion, passive transport, and active transport.

67. Explain the process of osmosis and how it affects cell structure.

68. Outline the functional differences between channels and transporters. Compare and contrast uniporters, symporters, and antiporters.

69. Explain the difference between primary active transport and secondary active transport.

70. Describe the structure and function of the sodium-potassium pump in animal cells and a similar pump in plants and prokaryotes.

71. Describe exocytosis and endocytosis and tell what molecules are moved across the membrane by these.

Discuss membrane transport, including its function and various forms and why all membranes have each form.

73. If a given cellular process is described, tell which form of transport might be involved.

List the different categories of animal tissue, providing general functions and specific examples of each.

Name the various organ systems found in many animals, list the components of each, and describe their general functions.

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BI110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Covalent Bond, Base Pair, Uracil

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