Pharmacology 2060A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Hyperglycemia, Insulin Resistance, Proximal Tubule
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20 Apr 2021
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Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by elevated blood levels of glucose (i. e. sugar). Normally glucose is efficiently reabsorbed in the proximal tubule of the kidney so it is not found in the urine. In untreated diabetes, blood glucose rises so high that the transporters that reabsorb it are saturated and significant amounts of glucose are found in the urine. In fact, many years ago diabetes was diagnosed by the sweet smell. High blood sugar in diabetes results from either not enough insulin produced in the body or because the body"s cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. The classic symptoms of diabetes are polyuria (increased urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), polyphagia (increased hunger) and weight loss. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that is involved in tightly regulating blood glucose. Diabetes occurs when insulin levels are too low or when the body"s cells are resistant to the effects of insulin.
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