Pathology 3500 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Renal Pelvis, Urinary Retention, Prostate Cancer
23 Jan 2020
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Urinary Tract
→start from kidney, collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder
Vesicoureteral: bladder, should be one way path
Reflex: going the wrong way
• normally ureter goes through bladder wall and form one way valve (when pee the flap
seals off)
o for some people the valve isn’t good and can allow retrograde flow
• degree of severity (overtime start to balloon) →becomes more chronic
Kidney Stones
• sometimes can conform to shape of renal pelvis
• most are made of calcium salts
o those that are prone to infections get struvite stones (magnesium ammonium
phosphate)
→bac that eat urethra molecules splitting them apart (cause precipitate)
Pathophysiology
• increase stone forming substance
• decrease precipitate inhibiting buffer agents
Risk: hereditary, low fluid intake, infection, abnormal flow
Bladder Cancer (Urothelial Carcinoma)
• epithelium (urothelial) of bladder are same kind of cells in renal pelvis
-linked to smoking
Low grade: don’t invade deep, grow outwars (curable)
High grade: invade quick, deep, metasisize (harder to cure)
Urinary Tract Obstruction
Intrinsic (in tract itself) Extrinsic (problem somewhere else)
→cause pelvis to expand and the rest, cause backed pressure (kidney failure)
Symptoms
1. unilateral (one side) vs bilateral (both)
2. acture vs chronic
3. partial (unsymptom) vs complete (pain, nausea)
Document Summary
Start from kidney, collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder. Kidney stones: sometimes can conform to shape of renal pelvis, most are made of calcium salts, those that are prone to infections get struvite stones (magnesium ammonium phosphate) Bac that eat urethra molecules splitting them apart (cause precipitate) Pathophysiology increase stone forming substance: decrease precipitate inhibiting buffer agents. Risk: hereditary, low fluid intake, infection, abnormal flow. Bladder cancer (urothelial carcinoma: epithelium (urothelial) of bladder are same kind of cells in renal pelvis. Low grade: don"t invade deep, grow outwars (curable) High grade: invade quick, deep, metasisize (harder to cure) Intrinsic (in tract itself) extrinsic (problem somewhere else) Cause pelvis to expand and the rest, cause backed pressure (kidney failure) Symptoms: unilateral (one side) vs bilateral (both, acture vs chronic, partial (unsymptom) vs complete (pain, nausea) Prostate: contractile properties, secretes prostatic fluid: neutralize vag, keep alive. Anatomy: around urethra is transition zone (usually undergoes hyperplasia)
