Biology 1202B Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Missense Mutation, Release Factor, Polysome

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10 Mar 2016

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No nucleus in prokaryotes to separate the processes. They function the same in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. One end of the polypeptide is n and one is c (polarity) They attach to the ribosome in the cytoplasm and then are transported to the er. The protein transports the peptide that is destined to go somewhere into the er trna. Transports the appropriate amino acid to the right codon. Inosine- a purine base (double ringed) when it is used in a trna it is able to pair with a number of other bases, inosine can pair with u or c or a. No! because one trna can recognize 2 different codons. Pairing between 1st 2 bases of codon always precise. Wobble in pairing at 3rd base in codon -leniency in pairing. Half of the amino acids in the table, the third base pair is irrelevant.

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1. _________________________ is the name of the process that produces proteins using RNA molecules.

a.Transcription

b Translation

c. Replication

d. Mutagenesis

2. The peptide bonding site on the ribosome:

a. A site

b. P site

c. E site

d. D site

3. The name given to the bond formed between two amino acids.

a. Hydrogen bond

b. Double bond

c. Peptide bond

d. Negative bond

4. __________________________ is the movement of the mRNA molecule on the ribosome to open up the A-site for the new incoming amino acid.

a. Transformation

b. Mutation

c. Translocation

d. Initiation

5. What does the term semi-conservative mean.

a. Replication of RNA is semi-conservative, each new strand consists of one old strand of RNA and one new strand of RNA.

b. Replication of DNA is semi-conservative, each new strand consists of one old strand of DNA and one new strand of DNA.

c. Replication of DNA is semi-conservative, each new strand consists of new strands of nucleotides.

d. Transcription of RNA is semi conservative.

6. This molecule functions during protein synthesis to recognize the codon and bring the proper amino acid back to the ribosome for translation.

a. mRNA

b. tRNA

c. rRNA

d. DNA polymerase

7. What is meant by the base-pairing rule.

a. Bases on a single strand of DNA are always found as pairs

b. Adenine always base pairs with guanine; cytosine with thymine

c. Adenine always base pairs with thymine; cytosine with guanine

d. Bases on a single strand of RNA are found in pair.

8. In this step of protein synthesis, amino acids are added to a growing polypeptide chain.

a. Initiation.

b. Elongation.

c. Termination.

d. Transpiration.

9. Three complementary bases found in a mRNA are called ____________________.

a. Anti-codon.

b. Triplet.

c. Doublet.

d. Codons.

10. Which statement best describes the job or function of the messenger RNA.

a. Carries the map of the gene sequence in the form of codons to the cytoplasm

for translation of the protein.

b. It transfers amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

c. It forms the ribosomes.

d. It helps replicate DNA.

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20. Compare and contrast the events that must take place to form the open complex in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

21. Describe in detail the function of a âpromoterâ in transcription. Where is its location? Explain how the factor recognizes promoters.

22. Describe the 2 mechanisms of termination of transcription in E. coli.

23. What is the function of histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases? Explain what the result would be if an organism could not produce functional histone deacetylases.

24. What is the function of the 5â Cap and poly A tail in eukaryotic Pre-RNAâs?

25. What is alternative splicing? How can it be advantageous to an organism? Be sure to include in your discussion exons and introns.

26. How does an amino acid become attached to a tRNA molecule? What mechanism ensures amino acids get attached to the correct tRNA

27. What is meant by the phrase âthe genetic code is termed degenerateâ? What is the âwobble baseâ and why is it called this?

28. One of the fundamental tenets of translation is that codons are read in triplets. Discuss the experiment that proved the genetic code is read in triplets.

29. Describe the structure of ribosomes and how they are assembled.

30. Describe the stages of Translation-Initiation, Elongation and Termination.

22. What is probably the single most important distinction between bacteria and eukaryotes?

a. transcription

b. the separation of the cell's genetic material from the surrounding cytoplasm

c. the existence of ribosomes

d. RNA processing in bacteria

e. antibiotics

23. Which one does NOT characterize an open reading frame (ORF)

a. Uses six reading frames during translation

b. Contains a start codon

c. Contains a stop codon

d. Its length is in multiples of 3 nucleotides

e. It should have the number of codons for a protein or on average ~250 codons in length.

24. Nested intronic genes lie within the non-coding intronic region of a larger gene, and occur in the human genome.

a. True

b. False

25. How would you characterize this statement: EF-Tu will hydrolyze GTP only if the codon:anticodon & tRNA:amino acid matchings are correct

a. Transcription; initiation steps

b. Transcription; termination steps

c. Translation: initiation steps

d. Tanslation: elongation steps

e. Spliceosome

26. Regarding the transcription unit architecture of the Escherichia coli genome, which one is FALSE?

a. Each of the 4,661 transcription units comprised an average of 1.1 modular units.

b. 3,010 transcription units (~65%) are monocistronic.

c. 1,652 transcription units (35%) contain more than one ORF (polycistronic)

d. The largest transcription unit is equivalent to 16 ORFs with numerous introns.

e. 398 transcription units (~9%) are nested within each other in opposite transcriptional orientation

27. Regarding RNA interference (RNAi), which one is FALSE?

a. It is a common and conserved mechanism in eukaryotic cells.

b. Originally discovered in bacteria and plant viruses.

c. A form of primitive immunity to protect the genome.

d. Pre microRNA (miRNA) genes have been found in introns.

e. Recent research shows that exogenous plant miRNAs in food can regulate the expression of target genes in mammals.

28. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

a. Recognize the 3âUTR

b. The genes for these enzymes fall into the family of inducible genes

c. The enzymes are imported into the nucleus

d. Covalently attaches an amino acid to the appropriate tRNA. This takes place in the cytoplasm.

e. Forms the peptide bond during protein synthesis

29. What is the process by which complementary RNAs are made from a DNA template?

a. translation

b. transcription

c. protein synthesis

d. transduction

e. transliteration

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Biology 1202B Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Missense Mutation, Release Factor, Polysome

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