Biology 1001A Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Synapomorphy, Divergent Evolution, Lactation

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beigecrab253

17 Dec 2017

School

Western University

Department

Biology

Course

Biology 1001A

Professor

Beth Mac Dougall Shackleton Tom Haffie

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Synapmorphies are nested and relative- if 2 taxa share relatively recent synapormorphies, crocodile and birds- heavy egg but share. Find an outgroup close-ish relative known to have branched off earlier than any of the groups of interest. Outgroup more distantly related to any in-group then the in group are to each other (equally related to all of the things in in group) Outgroup comparison helps identity the mrca state / ancestral state. Take another outgroup species and how many legs caddis fly have (6) In one lineage it transitioned to 4 legs. Derived state is not always the more complex state! (went from 6-4) If a trait is present in outgroup and ingroup then its an ancestral and bottom node has it and you wouldn"t use it to derive phylogeny. Most likely it"s a ancestral trait , trait eventually disappeared.

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As you can see from the "Activity" part of this week's assignment, the Internet, as well as your textbook, provides an enormous amount of interesting and useful information on genetic engineering and biotechnology products. Activity Assignment 2 requires you to research genetically engineered animals on the Internet as biotechnology products using the suggestions in the activity assignment file (pdf) or other sources you locate on your own, and post your findings/opinion to the Discussion Forum by 8 pm Wednesday of the assignment week (earn 10 activity points). The Discussion Assignment is to provide a thoughtful response by 8 pm Sunday of the assignment week, to the information posted by two other students on this topic (earn 10 discussion points). You should include in your responses to both assignments, sufficient information on your Internet sources for other students to find what you read. When referencing a web site in a document or a posting to a discussion forum, be sure to include the web address, the author of the page (if known), and the date when you accessed the site or when the site was last updated. Remember, your response to another student should address one or more technical aspects of their original posting, and not simply agree or disagree with their statements.

Background: Duration of indwelling urinary catheterization is an important risk factor for urinary tract infection. Objectives To determine whether a reminder approach reduces the use of urinary catheters and the incidence of catheterassociated urinary tract infections. Methods: A randomized control trial was performed in 2 respiratory intensive care units in a 2990-bed tertiary referral medical center. Patients who had urinary catheters in place for more than 2 days from April through November 2008 were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (use of a criteria-based reminder to remove the catheter) or the control group (no reminder). Results: A total of 278 patients were recruited. Utilization rate of indwelling urinary catheters was decreased by 22% in the intervention group compared with the control group (relative risk, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.76-0.80; P < .001). The intervention significantly shortened the median duration of catheterization (7 days vs 11 days for the control group; P < .001). Please explain what these findings (relative risk, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.76-0.80; p < .001) mean in layman's terms (in simple terms not in statistics terms)

22. What is probably the single most important distinction between bacteria and eukaryotes?

a. transcription

b. the separation of the cell's genetic material from the surrounding cytoplasm

c. the existence of ribosomes

d. RNA processing in bacteria

e. antibiotics

23. Which one does NOT characterize an open reading frame (ORF)

a. Uses six reading frames during translation

b. Contains a start codon

c. Contains a stop codon

d. Its length is in multiples of 3 nucleotides

e. It should have the number of codons for a protein or on average ~250 codons in length.

24. Nested intronic genes lie within the non-coding intronic region of a larger gene, and occur in the human genome.

a. True

b. False

25. How would you characterize this statement: EF-Tu will hydrolyze GTP only if the codon:anticodon & tRNA:amino acid matchings are correct

a. Transcription; initiation steps

b. Transcription; termination steps

c. Translation: initiation steps

d. Tanslation: elongation steps

e. Spliceosome

26. Regarding the transcription unit architecture of the Escherichia coli genome, which one is FALSE?

a. Each of the 4,661 transcription units comprised an average of 1.1 modular units.

b. 3,010 transcription units (~65%) are monocistronic.

c. 1,652 transcription units (35%) contain more than one ORF (polycistronic)

d. The largest transcription unit is equivalent to 16 ORFs with numerous introns.

e. 398 transcription units (~9%) are nested within each other in opposite transcriptional orientation

27. Regarding RNA interference (RNAi), which one is FALSE?

a. It is a common and conserved mechanism in eukaryotic cells.

b. Originally discovered in bacteria and plant viruses.

c. A form of primitive immunity to protect the genome.

d. Pre microRNA (miRNA) genes have been found in introns.

e. Recent research shows that exogenous plant miRNAs in food can regulate the expression of target genes in mammals.

28. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

a. Recognize the 3âUTR

b. The genes for these enzymes fall into the family of inducible genes

c. The enzymes are imported into the nucleus

d. Covalently attaches an amino acid to the appropriate tRNA. This takes place in the cytoplasm.

e. Forms the peptide bond during protein synthesis

29. What is the process by which complementary RNAs are made from a DNA template?

a. translation

b. transcription

c. protein synthesis

d. transduction

e. transliteration

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Biology 1001A Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Synapomorphy, Divergent Evolution, Lactation

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