NMC103H1 Lecture 10: NMC103H1F WEEK 10
18 Oct 2016
School
Department
Course
Professor
NMC 103H1-F
Islam in Spain (al-Andalus)
Nov 11, 2014
Terms
- Iberia: Greek word to describe peninsula as a whole
- Hispania: Roman/Latin name for same area
- Espana: Hispania became España in medieval Romance
- Spain: derived from these terms
-al-Andalus (Andalusia): word used by Arabs to describe their domain, i.e., exclusively
for territories under Islamic rule, not peninsula as a whole, perhaps deriving from
‘Vandal,’ name of a Germanic tribes that passedthrough and habituated the
peninsula. This is the word arabs use to refer to the Iberian peninsula.
Geographical extent
- ¾ of Iberian peninsula, mountains along northern frontier with present day France never
secured despite raids into France
- Franks checked Arab/Muslim advance at Battle of Poitiers/Tours 732
- With Reconquista, progressive loss of lands to Christian reconquest to extent that by
15th c. all that was left was Kingdom of Granada until its surrender in 1492
- Gibraltar (i.e., Jabal Tariq)
- Country of Mountains: Pyrenees in north; Roncevalles Pass
- has several great river valleys: Ebro, Douro (Duero), Tagus (Tajo); Gaudiana,
Guadalquivir (Wadi al-kabir – wadi dare dry river bands.)
- In the central portion of the peninsula there is a Meseta or tableland/plateau.
Demography
- largest conquests were in the coasts and river valleys
- Immigrants and conquerors included the byzantines, romans, Africans, endoeruopeans
were attracted by minerals, agricultural products, trade. This map shows some of the
resources found in spain.
- There were multiple ethnic and tribal groups inhabited regions of peninsula
- Roman colonization and administration
- Barbarian invasions
- Visigoths eventually became Catholics, roman catholic which helped unify the
peninsula and solidify their ties with the church in Rome–Enter Spain in 414; largest
settlements in coastal areas or river valleys; Christian (initially Arian Christian,
i.e.,nontrinitarian, theological teaching attributed to Arius, originating in Egypt (c.
AD 250–336) later Catholic)
- Arabs and Berbers from conquest in 711
- Mozarabs – means arabising or wanting to be arab, seeking to be arab and they adopted
the language. A sense of admiration for Arabic Islamic civilization. Christians living
under Muslim rule in peninsula
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
- then we havea group of people called the Mudejars (mudajjan, i.e., permitted to
remain)- these were Muslims who remained in peninsula under Christian rule after
Reconquest
- Moriscos – Muslims who from 16th c. pretended to be Christian given growing
intolerance – indicates a change in situation about a less tolerance in the Christian
population?
- Muwallads or muwalladoon – Indigenous converts to Islam or born into a Muslim
family; mix with Arabs so by 10th c. no clear distinction
Historical and religious background
- Pre-Islamic Iberia (Roman colonization & administration, 27 – 14 BC; Visigoths of
Germanic origin ruling Spain at time of Conquest; Roderic their ruler)
- Arab-Berber conquest 711 - 716
- 717 Cordoba becomes capital of al-Andalus; in 10th c. Madinat al-zahra built as
administrative city
- Governors’ period: administered as province of Umayyad caliphate under governor
appointed from Ifriqiyya (Tunisia)716 -756
- Province of the caliphate under Umayyad prince
- Abbasid Revolution in East in 750; Umayyads murdered but one prince, ‘Abd al-Raman
I, escapes and establishes independent Umayyad amirate in al-Andalus 756 - 852
- Umayyad caliphate declared 929 by ‘Abd al-Rahman III; al-Andalus reaches high point!
- Amirid rule (IbnAbi-‘Amir) 852 - 1031
- Party kings (muluk al-tawa’if) 1009 - 1091
- Reconquista/Reconquest (Fall of Toledo 1085)
- Berber Empires
- Almoravids/al-Murabbitun) 1106 – 1145 (Yusuf ibnTashfin)
- Almohads/al-Muwahhidun 1130 – 1223 (IbnTumart)
- Replication of patterns and institutions seen in other Muslim regions/states
- Caliphate and judiciary
- Army based on slave corps (saqaliba)
- Administration
Culture and characteristics
- Hispano-Roman influences
-Visigothic Christianinfluenes in architecture
- Christian assimilation and Arabization
- Religion: Muslims, Christians, Jews
- Sunni Islam/Maliki madhhabpredominates
- Cultural forms of east, especially Baghdad reproduced (e.g., influence of Ziryab d. 853
on music, manners)
- Transmission of knowledge: Toledo a center of translation: philosophical, medical texts
translated from Arabic into Latin
Prominent cultural figures
- Literature
- Historical works: IbnKhaldun, d. 1406
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Nov 11, 2014 secured despite raids into france. 15th c. all that was left was kingdom of granada until its surrender in 1492 for territories under islamic rule, not peninsula as a whole, perhaps deriving from. Vandal," name of a germanic tribes that passedthrough and habituated the. Iberia: greek word to describe peninsula as a whole. Espana: hispania became espa a in medieval romance. Al-andalus (andalusia): word used by arabs to describe their domain, i. e. , exclusively peninsula. This is the word arabs use to refer to the iberian peninsula. Of iberian peninsula, mountains along northern frontier with present day france never. Franks checked arab/muslim advance at battle of poitiers/tours 732. With reconquista, progressive loss of lands to christian reconquest to extent that by. Country of mountains: pyrenees in north; roncevalles pass. Has several great river valleys: ebro, douro (duero), tagus (tajo); gaudiana, Guadalquivir (wadi al-kabir wadi dare dry river bands. )
