NMC103H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Muhammad Ali Of Egypt, Muhammad Rumfa, Musa I Of Mali
18 Oct 2016
School
Department
Course
Professor
NMC103H1-F
Islam in Africa
Nov 6, 2014
Spread of Islam
• North Africa (Maghreb)
-Arab invasions in progress between 7th–8th c. to Gibraltar
- The conquest of Maghreb began 15 years after the death of the prophet
- It was the hardest to conquer because of the Berbers’ resistance
• Sub-Saharan /West Africa (Bilad al-Sudan)
-Islamization along Saharan trade routes—entrepôt towns; role of Berbers
(Tuareg, Dyula)
-11th–12th c. kingdoms of Gao, Ghana, Takrur – will later become sanghai
empire?
-13th–15th c. kingdom/empire of Mali, controls Saharan trade, pilgrimage route;
Timbuktu centre of Islamic learning 15th-16th c. (faqih Ahmad Baba, d. 1627);
later also Jenné; Arabic manuscripts – known for its manuscript collection.
Destroyed by the end of 16th century by raiders.
-local kings accept Islam from religious leaders, facilitating Islamization; note
importance of political involvement for spread of Islam—e.g., Islam state religion
of Mali under Mansa Musa 14th c.; also of Songhay kingdom under Askiya
Muhammad 15th c., ruler called caliph—see tomb at Gao; Caliphate of Bornu,
14th–16th c., ruler Ali Ghaji (d. 1503); Hausa states formed between 14th–15th c.,
centre Kano (Nigeria), the king/amir of this kingdom was Muhammad Rumfa
(reformist; contemporary with other reformists Askiya Muhammad and Ali
Ghaji)r
-rise in power of ulama, holy men—receive land grants, charters
• East Africa (Bilad al-Zanj)
-spread of Islam from Arabian peninsula/Yemen to Horn of Africa to coastal
regions (Kenya), 8th–9th c., Islamization of coastal towns by 16th c.
- Islam penetrated the Christian kingdom of Nubia (Sudan) by Muslim traders 10th
c., Fatimids, Mamluks
-Sudan—Funj dynasty of Muslim sultanate of Sinnar 16th–early 18th c.—
development of “Arab” Muslim identity among urban middle class population;
conquest in 19th c. by Egyptian Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha; role of Sufi holy men;
non-Muslims forced to pay tribute, protection money; also establishment of states
of Darfur and Wadai.
-trade between Arabian peninsula and Christian kingdom of Ethiopia; sultanate of
Mogadishu (Somalia) 11th c.; Islamization of Somalia by 13th c.; military/cultural
confrontation between Christian Ethiopian states and Muslim militants 16th–17th
c.; Swahili language—influence of Arabic.
• The Cape (South Africa)
-Muslim “Malay” refugees from Indonesia 17th c., slaves
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Document Summary
Arab invasions in progress between 7th 8th c. to gibraltar. The conquest of maghreb began 15 years after the death of the prophet. It was the hardest to conquer because of the berbers" resistance: sub-saharan /west africa (bilad al-sudan) Islamization along saharan trade routes entrep t towns; role of berbers (tuareg, dyula) 13th 15th c. kingdom/empire of mali, controls saharan trade, pilgrimage route; Timbuktu centre of islamic learning 15th-16th c. (faqih ahmad baba, d. 1627); later also jenn ; arabic manuscripts known for its manuscript collection. Destroyed by the end of 16th century by raiders. Local kings accept islam from religious leaders, facilitating islamization; note importance of political involvement for spread of islam e. g. , islam state religion of mali under mansa musa 14th c. ; also of songhay kingdom under askiya. Muhammad 15th c. , ruler called caliph see tomb at gao; caliphate of bornu,
