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IMM250H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Gram Staining, Cervical Cancer, Defensin

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lemonhamster432
13 Sep 2018
School
UTSG
Department
Immunology
Course
IMM250H1
Professor
Liliana Clemenza

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Document Summary

Lecture 2: i(cid:374)(cid:374)ate i(cid:373)(cid:373)u(cid:374)ity: first li(cid:374)e of defe(cid:374)se. Requirements: there are 8 requirements for infectious disease: Invasion through a portal of entry: reservoir, transmission to host, adherence to host tissue, temporary evasion of host defenses, disease: interference with normal host function, exit and transmission. Pylori: causes ulcers - proven by marshall, used to be part of normal microbiota but in late 90s became eradicated through antibiotics. In immunocompromised patients, many free-living bacteria an can cause disease. Growing recognition of the link between microbes and chronic diseases: ulcer shows ink between pylori and stomach cancer, cervical cancer can be caused by papilloma virus. Drug-resistant microbes: nosocomial (hospital acquire) infections are antibiotic resistant, there are 3 factors that contribute to hospital acquired infections, surgery"s, contamination (chain of transmission) Antibiotic resistance excessive use in farming: excessive and unnecessary antibiotics given to patients, patients not completing cycle.

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Related Questions

30. Microbe-Human Interactions.

a. Define pathogen, disease, normal flora. Under what conditions might a normal flora organism cause disease.

b. What parts of the body should stay absolutely sterile under normal circumstances.

c. How are Koch’s postulates used.

d. Define communicable, non-communicable, acute, chronic, endemic, epidemic, pandemic,

symptomatic, asymptomatic, and subclinical.

e. For a disease to be spread, there must be a reservoir, mode of transmission, and portal of entry.

f. For humans, what is the most significant reservoir.

g. Define : direct contact, droplet transmission, indirect contact, vehicle transmission, arthropod vectors

h. For a microorganism to cause disease, it typically must attach to host tissue, overcome the host defense, and cause tissue damage.What structures are used for attachment.What are some ways in which microorganisms overcome the host immune system.What distinguishes exotoxins from endotoxin.

31. Immune Defenses.

a. What are the major elements of the first, second, and third lines of defense.

b. What are the steps of phagocytosis and inflammation? What are the 3 complement pathways?

c. Which lines of defense are considered specific? Which are considered non-specific?

d. There are two major types of specific immunity, humoral and cell-mediated.

e. Humoral immunity involves B cells and antibodies. What are the major classes and activities of antibodies.

f. Cell mediated immunity involves T cells. What are 2 major types of T cells? What are their activities.

32. Staphylococcus aureus.

a. Gram positive cocci in grape-like clusters.

b. Skin infections (scalded skin syndrome, impetigo) (many other types of infection are also possible).

33. Streptococcus pyogenes.

a. Gram positive cocci in chains.

a. Strep throat, skin/wound infections (impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis “flesh eating disease”), scarlet fever (other types of infection are also possible)