ECO101H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Pigovian Tax, Allocative Efficiency, Social Cost

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New market price increases by less than the tax amount: burden of the tax. In the presence of a tax on the production of a good: consumers pay a higher price (worse off, producers receive a lower after-tax price (worse off, elasticity determines the burden of the tax. Perfectly inelastic demand market demand increased by the full amount of the tax and full burden is paid by the consumers. Environmental regulation reduce emissions as cheaply as possible: environmental regulations and standards are inefficient, pigouvian/emissions taxes. Cannot reduce pollution more cheaply pay more taxes. Allocates pollution to those factories with the highest cost of reducing it: cap-and-trade. Regulator determines overall cap and allocates permits to firm. Firms with higher cost of reducing pollution will pay more for permits. Firms wish lower cost of reducing pollution will sell permits. In the presence of market failures, governments can intervene to improve market efficiency.

Related Questions

The market demand for gadgets is given by Q^d=100-3p, where Q^d is the quantity of gadgets demanded and p is the price of a gadget in dollars. The market supply is given byQ^s= p, where Q^s is the quantity of gadgets supplied. The production of gadgets releases a toxic effluent into the water supply. The marginal external cost can be described by MEC(Q)= 2Q.

a) Compute consumer surplus, producer surplus, and the cost of pollution at the market equilibrium.

b) Compute consumer surplus, producer surplus, and the cost of pollution at the social optimum.

c) Suppose the government is considering imposing a tax of $T per unit on the producers. Find the level of the tax that ensures the socially optimal amount of gadgets will be produced in a competitive equilibrium.

chocolategoose43

The market demand for gadgets is given byQD=100-3p , where QD is the quantity of gadgets demanded and p is the price of a gadget in dollars. The market supply is given byQ S=p , where QS is the quantity of gadgets supplied. The production of gadgets releases a toxic effluent into the water supply. The marginal external cost can be described by MEC Q=2Q. a) Compute consumer surplus, producer surplus and the cost pf pollution in the market equilibrium. b) Compute consumer surplus, producer surplus and the cost pf pollution in the social optimum. c) Suppose the government is considering imposing a tax of $T per unit on the producers. Find the level of the tax that ensures the socially optimal amount of gadgets will be produced in a competitive equilibrium.

marooncat628

home / study / business / economics / questions and answers / Question 1 Which Of The Following Is The Best Example ... Question: Question 1 Which of the following is the best exam... Bookmark Question 1 Which of the following is the best example of a positive externality? A car company lays off 10,000 employees in order to cut costs. An individual drives a large SUV, which increases the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. An individual smokes in a restaurant, which bothers other patrons. A child is vaccinated against a disease, which reduces the probability that other children will catch the disease. 4 points Question 2 As a result of a negative externality, the market equilibrium quantity is too ______ compared to the socially optimal quantity. As a result of a positive externality, the market equilibrium quantity is too ______ compared to the socially optimal quantity. high; high. low; low. high; low. low; high. 4 points Question 3 Based on the diagram below, the deadweight loss area associated with the market equilibrium equals: Week06_graph1.jpg $10 $50 $80 $1,000 4 points Question 4 A firm's accounting profit is given by total revenue: less implicit costs. less explicit costs. less economic profit. less implicit and explicit costs. 4 points Question 5 Suppose an activity has a private cost equal to $30 and a private benefit equal to $30. The associated social cost equals $35 and the social benefit equals $30. Which of the following statements is true about this activity? There is a negative externality associated with this activity but not a positive externality. There is a positive externality associated with this activity but not a negative externality. There is both a positive and a negative externality associated with this activity. There is neither a positive nor a negative externality associated with this activity. 4 points Question 6 The Coase Theorem implies that: the efficient level of an externality is generally zero. private individuals living in market economies should not be concerned with externalities. government intervention is not always needed to arrive at the efficient level of an externality. government laws are unnecessary. 4 points Question 7 An industry in which a small number of large firms sell products that are either close or perfect substitutes is: perfectly competitive. monopolistically competitive. an oligopoly. a monopoly. 4 points Question 8 When a negative externality is present in a market: a tax can increase the level of economic surplus. the social benefits are greater than the private benefits. there is generally too little of the good produced by private markets. the government should ensure that there are zero external costs associated in all markets. 4 points Question 9 In the presence of a positive externality, the government can arrive at the socially optimal output level by: paying producers a subsidy equal to the amount of social benefits associated with the activity. charging producers a tax equal to the amount of social costs associated with the activity. paying producers a subsidy equal to the amount of external benefits associated with the activity. charging producers a tax equal to the amount of external costs associated with the activity. 4 points Question 10 The tragedy of the commons is that: too few individuals have access to high quality healthcare. common people overconsume public goods. the quality of life for lower income people is generally lower than that of higher income people. a resource with no price tends to be exploited until its marginal benefit falls to zero. 4 points Question 11 One potential remedy to the tragedy of the commons is to: never allow a single individual to consume more than one percent of the common resource. criminalize the usage of common resources. allow individuals to use a common resource as long as they receive some benefit from doing so. place a common resource under private ownership. 4 points Question 12 As a result of a positional externality: contestants have a tendency to invest in a series of mutually offsetting investments in performance enhancement. there is generally an underinvestment in performance enhancement. the market price of performance enhancement materials is too high. the quality of performance in competitive situations is lower than the socially optimal level. 4 points Question 13 Which of the following statements is true regarding health insurance? Economics shows that all health related procedures should be free to individuals because the health of an individual is priceless. Total economic surplus would be larger if individuals faced an incentive to only use services when the benefit exceeds their costs. Health maintenance organizations provide an incentive for doctors to prescribe expensive nonessential services. First dollar insurance coverage has likely had very little to do with rising healthcare expenditures since World War II. 4 points Question 14 A strategy that yields a higher payoff no matter what the other players in the game choose is known as a: prisoner's strategy. dominated strategy. dominant strategy. Nash strategy.

ECO101H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Pigovian Tax, Allocative Efficiency, Social Cost

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