BIOA02H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 22: Agnatha, Hagfish, Lamprey

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30 Jan 2019

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Overview of osmotic, ionic and volume regulation if you change one thing, everything changes! E. g. if the fish changes its ionic composition ---> more concentration it will increase it"s osmotic pressure it will increase blood volume therefore, ionic composition, osmolarity and volume are all linked. ** the hagfish is the world"s slimiest animal!! lamprey the only living relative of the hagfish. Both are jawless fish they have muscles in the buccal cavity. *** the membrane facing the blood is called basolateral membrane. *** the membrane facing the water is called apical membrane. ** if the explanation on the notes is confusing just follow the number 1,2,3,4 in order. At phase 5 once the chloride leaves out through apical membrane sodium channel it builds up a negative charge in the boundary of the gills this negative charge attracts sodium to leave out too :d. Called electrical charge gradient between the blood and the boundary layer.

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1. All of the following are defensemechanism employed by vertebrates except

A. negative test, as in, not findingself-markers.

B. change in chromosomal composition

C. positive test to recognize presence ofnonself-markers

D. specific antibodies.

E. skin and mucous membranes asbarriers.

2. In comparing the kidneys of marine andfreshwater fish, which of the following is not true?

A. Freshwater fish fluids have a greaterosmotic concentration.

B. Marine fish excrete many of the divalentcations through the anus.

C. The flow of the filtrate is faster inmarine fish.

D. The urine is less concentrated infreshwater fish.

E. Marine fish drink greater quantities ofwater.

3. Which of the following is not amechanism to prevent polyspermy?

A. change in membrane otential of egg

B. vitelline envelopes lift off surface ofegg

C. sperm nuclei degraded inside eggallowing one to fuse

D. cortical granule enzymes remove spermreceptors from egg

E. altering composition of exterior eggcoat

4. Select the incorrect statement regardingthe inflammatory response.

A. The alarm signals can be histamines orprostaglandins.

B. The inflammation response is a localizedspecific response to infection or injury.

C. Neutrophils spill chemical in the areaof injury or infection that kills bacteria, tissues, andthemselves.

D. Tissue can exhibit edema from thedilation of the blood vessels in the area of injury orinfection.

E. If a cell is injured or infected, itreleases chemical alarm signals that promote dilation of bloodvessels at the injury site.

5. Most marine invertebrates areosmoconformers. This means that

A. the osmolality of their body fluids isequal to that of the osmoregulators who inhabit the sameenvironments.

B. the osmolality of their body fluidsfluctuates between being hypertonic to hyportonic depending on theseason and the tides.

C. the osmolality of their body fluids isnot the same as their seawater environment

D. the osmolality of their body fluids isthe same as their seawater environment and that their bodiescontain the same solutes as their surroundings

E. the osmolality of their body fluids isthe same as their seawater environment

apricotprairie-dog17

True of False: Freshwater environments have a higher concentration of oxygen than saltwater environments.

QUESTION 2 If the difference in partial pressure of gas on either side of the barrier to diffusion is 0, which of these events will occur?

The area for gas exchange will increase to accommodate this similarity.

The constant for diffusion will decrease.

The rate of diffusion will be 0.

The distance thickness of the barrier to diffusion will also be 0.

QUESTION 3 On the x-axis of the oxygenâhemoglobin equilibrium curve is the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues. Which type of blood is most likely to be represented by the right-hand side of the axis? (Hint: the oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve is figure 45.14 in your book on pg 913)

blood found in the left ventricle

blood found in the right atrium

blood found in the superior vena cava

blood found in the inferior vena cava

QUESTION 4 Which of these is an example of pulmonary circulation?

Blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta.

Blood is pumped from the aorta to the cardiac vein.

Blood is pumped from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium.

QUESTION 5 O2 will diffuse from blood to tissue faster in response to which of the following conditions?

an increase in the PO2 of the tissue

a decrease in the PO2 of the tissue

an increase in the thickness of the capillary wall

a decrease in the surface area of the capillary

QUESTION 6 Which of the following promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin?

a decrease in temperature

a decrease in carbon dioxide levels

a decrease in pH

a decrease in carbonic anhydrase

QUESTION 7 How does the medulla oblongata sense the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood?

A. Carbonic anhydrase produced by cells performing cellular respiration is exported and travels though the blood, and binds to a receptor on the medullary respiratory center, which causes a signal amplification resulting in a change in gene expression which results in the production of proteins that will cause the diaphragm to contract

B. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which increases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

C. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which decreases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

D. A and B

E. A and C

QUESTION 8 Which of the following parts of the lung are considered "dead space"? A. The alveoli B. The trachea C. The bronchi D. B and C E. All of the above

QUESTION 9 Which of the following blood vessels have the thinnest walls?

arteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

QUESTION 10 How does the interstitial fluid return to the bloodstream?

A. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the osmotic pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the blood pressure driving fluid out of the blood

B. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the blood pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the osmotic pressure driving fluid out of the blood

C. Interstitial fluid leaves the tissue via lymphatic ducts and travels through the lymphatic system, which returns the fluid to the veins. D. A and C

E. B and C

QUESTION 11 True or False: When an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) shows a flat line (aka asystole), medical personnel will restart the heart using a defibrillator.