BIOA01H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Embryonic Stem Cell, Histone Code, Glucocorticoid Receptor

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10 Dec 2016

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Dna in chromatin is inaccessible until it is remodelled histone tails are chemically modified to expose stretches of. Affects chromatin structure and gene transcription bases can be modified under- methylated cpg islands allows. Cpg islands is area with lots transcription to occur of cytosine bases heavy methylation inhibits transcription cytosine gets changed to 5- methylcytosine. Dna itself, but to the way it is packaged. Fertilized human egg cell is totipotent give rise to organism. Cells of inner cell mass as embryonic stem cells that are pluripotent give rise to any cell in the body. Cells of germ layer are multipotent give rise to specific, specialized cells. Induced pluripotent therapy (ips) can reactivate suppressed factors in cells to create pluripotent cells > use dna correction > allow them to differentiate > transplant those cells into body. Glucocorticoid receptor is needed to inhibit hormones that increase our anxiety in stressful situations.

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QUESTION 3

What is the purpose of chromatin-remodeling enzymes in human cells?

The enzymes control the rate of translation of an mRNA transcript

The enzymes add phosphate or methyl groups to histone tails

The enzymes slide nucleosomes farther apart or closer to each other

The enzymes send damaged proteins to the proteasome for degradation

The enzymes cause DNA looping to occur

QUESTION 10

If you can drink milk as an adult, it means that you have inherited a mutation in the an enhancer for your lactase gene (the gene that encodes the enzyme you need to break down lactose). Predict the effect of this mutation:

The mutation changes the number of domains in the enzyme, which makes it work more efficiently

The mutation changes the amino acid sequence of the lactase protein

The mutation increases the number of copies of the lactase gene that will be found in your genome

The mutation changes whether the lactase sequence is found in an intron or exon

The mutation affects the expression of the lactase gene

QUESTION 12

What determines where in the genome a transcription regulator will bind?

Transcription regulators bind to the 5' UTR region of a gene

Regulators bind via complementary base-pairing to certain DNA molecules

Covalent bonds form between the transcription regulator and the atoms of the DNA backbone

Every eukaryotic gene has a different transcription regulator that will bind to the 5' end of the gene

Transcription regulators bind to specific DNA sequences via multiple weak non-covalent interactions

QUESTION 15

What is the histone code used for?

		Phosphorylation and acetylation of DNA affect its ability to be compacted
		Changes to the sequence of DNA change whether DNA will wrap around histone proteins
		Covalent modifications of histones affect the ability of the transcription initiation complex to form
		Histones provide the codon sequences needed for translation to occur
		The histone code affects which amino acids will get added to a polypeptide

BIOA01H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Embryonic Stem Cell, Histone Code, Glucocorticoid Receptor

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