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CRM 1301 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Social Contract, Natural Justice

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sangriafox36
29 Aug 2015
School
University of Ottawa
Department
Criminology
Course
CRM 1301
Professor
Prashan Ranasinghe

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Document Summary

During the time that beccaria was writing criminology still did not exist completely. Faith and religion were less of an importance to people while science and proof, statistics in particular, became more important. There was a distinction between classical and positivist criminology: classical: this emerges at a time where the social contract theorists came about. Intelligence and rationality are fundamental human characteristics that are the basis of what we use to come to human nature. They explain what, how, why, when, and where we do what we do. The key to progressing this is intellectual behaviour through education and training. Society is a product of people believing that the lives that they live are volatile. People decide what is in their best interest and strive to promote that. The actor has the ability to choose whether they want to follow or not; they have free choice. This is how society comes to be the way it is.

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Related Questions



What are the effects of world hunger? world hunger simply means that there are lots of people with an insufficient amount of food. World hunger has become a major problem nowadays. It is presented in media to the public and, as a result, people behave become aware of it. World hunger has serious social and environmental effects, but there is also some solution.


Some of the social effects of world hunger are malnutrition and illiteracy. When a human body does receive a daily sufficient amount of nutrients, it will not do its functions well. If this condition remains for a long time, the body will eventually die. According to Ziegler(2007) in 2006, hunger and diseases resulted from it were the main death cause of 36 million people (para2). Also, people who do not have enough food have few chances to go for education because obviously, they will not be financially mentally, and physically ready to study.



Some of the environmental effects of world hunger are logging and agriculture. Result in trees many services to the environment where there are they are in industrial areas absorb carbon dioxide and provide us with oxygen, which in agricultural areas are in addition to the above work windbreaks to protect crops and provide shade and provide us with wood, and dead trees in the forest other services important to the environment they lose their leaves periodically and the fallen leaves decomposed "humus" feeds the soil and maintains soil fertility, which provides a constant temperature of about wild animals that find shelter forest, a place suitable for life. According to Harcurt(2011) "many of these great impact on agricultural production and hence nutrition"(para3).
And forests from renewable resources, which goes a lot of human trees to get wood for the furniture industry, paper, and clothing.
Has resulted in over-cutting of trees and forest degradation and its orientation towards drought



Some of the solutions for world hunger are even though the government is doing a lot of solutions to reduce world hunger still are facing this problem. The solution is that government should have to pay all basic expenses to under 18 and over 50 and also give enough employment to young people. Accordingto Ziegler (2007) everyone should work together to find a solution to this problem(para4).
One another solution for decrease world hunger is government should give equal and free education to all citizens even they are rich or poor.




In conclusion: The government should help world hunger or poverty to support people with food and money. Also, someone must fix problems such as health or education to prevent hunger. Also, climate change should make the environment better. If everyone helps us to support people with money or food we won't find world hunger.


When an owner of a productive resource deploys that resource where he gets the highest price for it, he is not only deploying that resources where it will create greatest value of final output but is also maximizing his own welfare. The greed of the owner and the efficient allocation of productive resources are congruent in a capitalist economy.

Question: Think about these questions, and post your thoughts on the use of cloning. Specifically, think the about the use of human cloning and discuss the potential impact on society.

Background Discussion: The scientific research terms, cloning means making exact copies of genes, a cell, or an organism. Therefore, cloning has been around for a long time. Identical twins are clones of a single zygote. When a single bacterium reproduces asexually on a petri dish, a colony of cells results, and each member of the colony is a clone of the original cell. Through biotechnology, bacteria now produce clone copies of human genes.

Through recent advances in science, it is possible to produce a clone of a mammal- and perhaps even one day, a human. The parent need not contribute sperm or egg to the process. During the so-called reproductive cloning, a nucleus (which contains the genetic material of a person) from one adult cell is placed in an enucleated egg. That egg is then allowed to develop. The developing embryo is placed in the uterus of a surrogate mother, and when birth occurs, the clone is an exact genetic copy of the original parent (of course the clone is younger). The process of cloning whole animals, and certainly humans, has not been perfected. Until it is, therapeutic cloning is more likely to become widespread.

Suppose it were possible to put the nucleus from a cell of a burn victim into an enucleated egg that is forced to become skin cells in the laboratory. These cells could be used to provide grafts of new skin that would not be rejected by the recipient. Would this be a proper use of cloning in humans?

Now, suppose parents want to produce a child free of genetic diseases. Scientists produce an embryo though in vitro fertilization, and then they clone the embryo to produce several embryos. Genetic engineering is then used to remove the genetic defect, and the defect free embryos are implanted into the uterus of a surrogate where they are allowed to grow to term. Would this be proper use of cloning in humans?

What if later scientists were able to produce children with increased intelligence or athletic abilities using the same technique? Would this be an acceptable use of cloning in humans?