Most of the things that come up in Google and Google Scholar forthis question have a mostly/completely speculative tone, or at bestuse models instead of measurements. This report describes someactual measurements in pollen transfer to neighboring fields fromGM fields, though they all seem to have been one-off measurementsat some unknown time after the GM plants appeared, rather thaninvestigations on if the genes are becoming more common over time,which might imply the ability to become unavoidably common in someenvironments or even a weed/pest/parasite. This doesn't seem likean obvious problem to me, because the traits associated with thosegenes are always meant for the context of being farmed or raised byhumans and therefore probably wouldn't contribute more to fitnessin wild populations relative to the wild alternatives of thosegenes, but a few counterexamples would smash that belief tobits.

Could someone briefly explain why these findinds occurred? Summarize the findings and from a biochemistry approach explain why they occurred?

Craig (1993) reviewed many of the exercise studies using fructose feedings and noted that fructose consumption prior to exercise does not cause an increase in either blood glucose or insulin. Although one study demonstrated a reduction in muscle glycogen use when fructose had been ingested prior to a 30 min exercise bout compared to feedings of glucose or water (Levine et al 1983), the glycogen-sparing effect of fructose ingestion was not confirmed in later studies using longer exercise bouts when glycogen could become more limiting (Hargreaves, 1987; Koivisto, 1985). This absence of effect on muscle glycogen occurred in spite of different glycemic and insulinemic patterns for the glucose versus fructose trials in the various studies. In addition, no performance benefit, as measured by time to exhaustion, was noted in most experiments for fructose compared to glucose. However, there may be some benefit to fructose ingestion prior to exercise when it is used in combination with other carbohydrate sources. For example, muscle glycogen sparing and performance enhancement were observed in athletes consuming a mixture of maltodextrin and fructose when compared to maltodextrin alone (Brouns et al 1989).

To summarize the studies that have used fructose feedings prior to exercise, blood glucose was maintained at higher levels during the initial period of exercise relative to high GI carbohydrates like glucose, but there were few reports of an ergogenic effect or a change in rate of muscle glycogen use. Because virtually all authors who fed fructose commented on the high incidence of gastrointestinal distress (due to slow fructose digestion), fructose alone is probably not practical in the concentrations required to provide sufficient energy; it may be useful as part of a mixture with other carbohydrates.

tanporcupine442

Could someone please briefly explain why the phenonema below is so?

Craig (1993) reviewed many of the exercise studies using fructose feedings and noted that fructose consumption prior to exercise does not cause an increase in either blood glucose or insulin. Although one study demonstrated a reduction in muscle glycogen use when fructose had been ingested prior to a 30 min exercise bout compared to feedings of glucose or water (Levine et al 1983), the glycogen-sparing effect of fructose ingestion was not confirmed in later studies using longer exercise bouts when glycogen could become more limiting (Hargreaves, 1987; Koivisto, 1985). This absence of effect on muscle glycogen occurred in spite of different glycemic and insulinemic patterns for the glucose versus fructose trials in the various studies. In addition, no performance benefit, as measured by time to exhaustion, was noted in most experiments for fructose compared to glucose. However, there may be some benefit to fructose ingestion prior to exercise when it is used in combination with other carbohydrate sources. For example, muscle glycogen sparing and performance enhancement were observed in athletes consuming a mixture of maltodextrin and fructose when compared to maltodextrin alone (Brouns et al 1989).

To summarize the studies that have used fructose feedings prior to exercise, blood glucose was maintained at higher levels during the initial period of exercise relative to high GI carbohydrates like glucose, but there were few reports of an ergogenic effect or a change in rate of muscle glycogen use. Because virtually all authors who fed fructose commented on the high incidence of gastrointestinal distress (due to slow fructose digestion), fructose alone is probably not practical in the concentrations required to provide sufficient energy; it may be useful as part of a mixture with other carbohydrates.

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