BIOL130 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Metabolic Network, Chemical Equilibrium, Enzyme

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mauvelocust76

30 Oct 2016

School

University of Waterloo

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL130

Professor

Todd Holyoak

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Document Summary

Enzymes: accelerates a chemical reaction in the cell. Metabolism: the sum total of all the chemical reactions (catabolic and anabolic) Catabolic reaction: break down of larger molecules into smaller molecules, generating both useful form of energy and smaller molecules for basic building blocks. Anabolic reaction: energy harnessed by the catabolic reaction, is used to synthesize many molecules that form the cell. Living cells must have a way to extract energy from the environment and convert it into energy stored in chemical bonds. Thus, biological structures maintain their forms, and materials are able to be recycled and replaced. The second law of thermodynamics: states that in the universe, or in an isolated system, the degree of disorder can only increase. Second law is also stated by probability, stating that the systems will change spontaneously towards those arrangements that have the greatest probability. Entropy: the measure of a system"s disorder; the greater the disorder, the greater the entropy.

Related Questions

Question 1 When energy changes from one form to another, some of the energy that can be used to do work is always lost. The loss of this energy is mostly in the form of _________.
a. heat
b. potential energy
c. kinetic energy
d. light energy
e. mechanical energy

Question 2 Which of the following is exergonic?
a. binding fatty acids and glycerol molecules together to form lipids
b. building proteins from amino acids
c. binding sugars molecules together to form glycogen
d. breaking bonds in starch to release glucose
e. adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

Question 3 The first law of thermodynamics states that:
a. energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
b. the universe is increasing in entropy.
c. all living organisms must eat to derive energy.
d. energy is required to bring molecules into a cell against a concentration gradient.
e. in energy-yielding reactions, matter goes from a more-ordered to a less-ordered state.

Question 4 Which of the following is true of energy?
a. It can be transferred from one form to another with 100 percent efficiency.
b. It can be created.
c. It can be stored in chemical bonds.
d. It can never be stored.
e. It can be released by forming chemical bonds.

Question 5 Metabolism is:
a. the sum of all the energy a cell uses.
b. the sum of all the vitamins a cell contains.
c. the sum of all the enzymes a cell contains.
d. the sum of all the chemical reactions that an organism carries out.
e. the sum of all the ATP a cell contains.

Question 6 Entropy is the measure of ________ in a system.
a. disorder
b. order
c. energy
d. work
e. heat

Question 7 What percentage of the energy stored in glucose are humans cells able to use to do useful work?
a. 37%
b. 100%
c. 15%
d. 52%
e. 48%

Question 8 What is activation energy?
a. the energy gained by living things, allowing them to remain active
b. the energy produced by the breakdown of ATP to ADP.
c. the energy required to initiate or begin a chemical reaction
d. the energy created by enzymes during exergonic reactions
e. the energy lost by living things in the form of heat

Question 9 Which of the following is true of allosteric enzymes?
a. Their activity can be reduced when the product binds the enzyme.
b. Their activity can be reduced when a coenzyme binds to them.
c. Their activity can be reduced when the substrate binds the enzyme.
d. Their activity can be increased when the product binds the enzyme.

Question 10 Which of the following is a true statement about enzymes?
a. They are made of proteins.
b. They are altered by the reactions they catalyze.
c. They increase the energy of activation of chemical reactions.
d. All of the above are true.
e. None of the above is true.

Question 11 What is the energy currency of cells?
a. ADP
b. enzymes
c. glucose
d. vitamins
e. ATP

Question 12 Kinetic energy is ____________, while potential energy is _____________.
a. stored energy; energy that is being used
b. stored energy; energy that can't be used
c. energy that is being used; stored energy
d. energy that can't be used; stored energy

Question 13 The energy released during ________ reactions can be used to drive ________ reactions, and this is called ________ reactions.
a. exergonic; endergonic; coupled
b. endergonic; exergonic; coupled
c. exergonic; endergonic; mutually dependent
d. coupled; mutually dependent; independent
e. endergonic; exergonic; mutually dependent

Question 14 ADP + P + Energy --> ATP Which of the following is a true statement about the chemical reaction above?
a. This is a coupled reaction.
b. This is an exergonic reaction.
c. The product of the reaction contains more energy than that of all of the reactants combined.
d. This is an endergonic reaction.
e. This is an example of a catabolic reaction.

greychimpanzee211

Matching

TERM or CONCEPT	Definition/Association
1. microtubules	a. contain enzymes for intracellular digestion
2. chloroplasts	b. are primary cellular structures (or components) where proteins are assembled
3. Golgi bodies	c. package cellular secretions for export
4. DNA molecules	d. extract energy stored in carbohydrates; synthesize ATP; produce water and carbon dioxide
5. RNA molecules	e. synthesize subunits that will be assembled into two part ribosomes in the cytoplasm
6. central vacuoles	f. translate hereditary instructions into specific proteins
7. lysosomes	g. increase cell surface area; store substances
8. mitochondria	h. encode hereditary information
9. nucleoli	i. help distribute chromosomes to the new cells during cell division
10. ribosomes	j. convert light energy to chemical energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose or starch
etc	etc

cerisegerbil759

3) The hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose is exergonic. However, if you dissolve sucrose in water and keep the solution overnight at room temperature, there is no detectable conversion to glucose and fructose. Why?

Select one:

a. The change in free energy of the reaction is negative.

b. The activation energy of the reaction is high.

c. The free energy of the products is higher than the free energy of the reactants.

d. This is a condensation reaction.

e. The change in free energy of the reaction is positive.

5) Competitive inhibition differs from non-competitive inhibition in that the ___1___ site is where we see competitive inhibition, while the non-competitive inhibitor __2___.

1. a. allosteric b. non-active c. active d. hydrophillic e. hydrophobic

2.
a. binds to the active site, thus blocking it
b. binds outside the active site, changing the shape of the enzyme
c. binds outside the active site, and blocks the active site

6) Phosphofructokinase is an enzyme, and as such it __1___ of the reaction. It is part of glycolysis, and is an example of an enzyme controlled by inhibition, as high levels of citrate (an intermediate further down the catabolic pathway) turns the enzyme off
(1)Select one:
a. lowers activation energy
b. lowers the ÎG
c. raises the Free Energy
(2)Select one
a. non-competitivenegative feedback
b. irreversible competitivereversible competitive.

15)The reactions in the pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle harvest the high-energy electrons stored in glucose. Therefore, these pathways _______________.

Select one:

a. take place in animal cells, but not in plant cells
b. are catabolic pathways
c. are anabolic pathways
d. involve the reduction of glucose and its metabolic intermediates

21) In an exergonic chemical reaction, the products have less free energy than the reactants (-ÎG). Endergonic reactions require an input of energy (+ÎG). The addition of starting materials and the removal of end products prevent metabolism from reaching final equilibrium. Instead, the cell exists in a state of dynamic equilibrium.

Select one:
True
False

greyferret515

BIOL130 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Metabolic Network, Chemical Equilibrium, Enzyme

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