PSY 213 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Genital Stage, Sigmund Freud, Psychosexual Development
Chapter 9 – Theories of Social Devel’ PSY 213
JAN 24/18
Theories of Social Devel’
Psychoanalytic Theories
Learning Theories
Theories of Social Cognition
Ecological Theories of Devel’
Themes
- Nature + nurture
- The active children
- Continuity/discontinuity
- Mechanisms of change
- The socialcultural context
- Individual differences
Role of Theories of Social Devel’
Theories of social devel’ attempt to account for important aspects of devel’
- Emotional, personality, attachment, self, peer rel’ship, morality, + sex
Social devel’ theories
- Explain how children’s devel is influenced by the people + individuals around them
- Examine the ways that human beings affect eachother
- Generally 4 broad categories
- Psychoanalytic (Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis)
- Learning
- Social cognitive
- Ecological
Psychoanalytic Theories
- Development driven by biological maturation
- Discontinuous stage theories
- Stresses the continuity of individual differences, maintains that early experiences shape
subsequent development
- Have had greater impact on Western culture and on thinking about
social and personality development than any other psychological
theory.
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Freud (1856-1939) Psychosexual
- Behaviour motivated by need to satisfy basic drives
- Freud's psychosexual development posits a series of universal developmental stages in
which psychic energy becomes focused in different erogenous zones.
Erikson (1902-1994) Psychosocial
- Development driven by series of developmental crises related to age
and biological maturation
- Posited life span developmental theory
- Accepted the basic constructs of Freud's theory, but enlarged it to
include social factors
- Was influential in developmental psychology
Freud’s Personality Structure
ID
- The biological drives with which the infant is born
- The earliest and most primitive personality structure
- Unconscious and operates with the goal of seeking pleasure
Ego
- Emerges in the first year
- The rational, logical, problem solving component of personality
- Operates on reality principle
Superego
- Develops during the ages of 3 to 6
- Based on the child's internalization (or adoption as his or her own) of the parents'
attributes, beliefs, and standards
- Path to superego development:
Boys: Through the resolution of the Oedipus complex in which a boy experiences
a form of sexual desire for his mother and wants an exclusive relationship with
her
Girls: Through a similar but less intense intense conflict (Electra complex),
involving erotic feelings toward the father
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Chapter 9 – Theories of Social Devel’ PSY 213
JAN 24/18
Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Devel’
Compromises to healthy development
- Fixation may occur if fundamental needs are not met during any stage
- Attempts to satisfy need and resolve associated conflicts may occur
throughout life
Birth to 1 yr 1-3 yrs 3-6 yrs 6-11 yrs Adolescence Adulthood
Oral stage Anal stage Phallic stage Latency Genital Stage Genital stage
The lips,
tongue, and
gums are the
focus of
pleasurable
sensations in
the baby’s
body, and
sucking and
feeding are the
most
stimulating
activities
The anus is
the focus of
pleasurable
sensations in
the baby’s
body, and
toilet training
is the most
important
activity
The phallus, or
penis, is the
most important
body part, and
pleasure is
derived from
genital
simulations.
Boys are proud
of their penises;
girls wonder
why they don’t
have one
Not really a
stage, latency is
an interlude
during which
sexual needs are
quiet and
children put
psychic energy
into
conventional
activities like
schoolwork and
sports
The genitals are
the focus of
pleasurable
sensations, and
the young person
seeks sexual
stimulation and
sexual
satisfaction in
heterosexual
relationships
Freud believed
that the genital
stage lasts
throughout
adulthood. He
also said that
the goal of a
healthy life is
“to love and to
work”
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Devel’
- Each stage is characterized by a specific crisis that the individual must resolve.
- If the dominant issue of a stage is not successfully resolved before the next stage
begins, the person will continue to struggle with it
Birth to 1 yr 1-3 yrs 3-6 yrs 6-11 yrs Ado. & Early
Adulthood
Trust vs Mistrust Autonomy vs
Shame & Doubt
Initiative vs Guilt Industry vs
Inferiority
Identity vs Role
Confusion
Babies either trust
others will care for
their basic needs
incl.. nourishment,
warmth,
cleanliness, and
physical contact, or
devel’ mistrust
about the care of
other
Children either
become self-
sufficient in many
activities including
toileting, feeding,
walking, exploring,
and talking or
doubt their own
abilities
Children either
want to undertake
many adultlike
activities or
internalize the
limits and the
prohibitions set by
parents. They feel
either adventurous
or guilty
Children busily
learn to be
competent and
productive in
mastering new
skills or feel
inferior and unable
to do anything
Adolescents try to
figure out “Who am
I?” They estabilish
sexual, political,
religious, and
vocational
identities or are
confused about
what roles to play
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Theories of social devel" attempt to account for important aspects of devel". Emotional, personality, attachment, self, peer rel"ship, morality, + sex. Explain how children"s devel is influenced by the people + individuals around them. Examine the ways that human beings affect eachother. Stresses the continuity of individual differences, maintains that early experiences shape subsequent development. Have had greater impact on western culture and on thinking about social and personality development than any other psychological theory. Behaviour motivated by need to satisfy basic drives. Freud"s psychosexual development posits a series of universal developmental stages in which psychic energy becomes focused in different erogenous zones. Development driven by series of developmental crises related to age and biological maturation. Accepted the basic constructs of freud"s theory, but enlarged it to include social factors. The biological drives with which the infant is born. The earliest and most primitive personality structure. Unconscious and operates with the goal of seeking pleasure.
