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ECON 111 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Economic Surplus, Comparative Advantage, Opportunity Cost

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lemonhound773
27 Aug 2016
School
U of S
Department
Economics
Course
ECON 111
Professor
Wendy Doell

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Document Summary

Chapter 3 introduced the study of international trade by applying the principle of comparative advantage. According to this principle, all countries can benefit from trading with one another because trade allows each country to specialize in doing what it does best. But the analysis in chapter 3 was incomplete. It did not explain how the international marketplace achieves these gains from trade or how the gains are distributed among various economic participants: the determinants of trade. Example: the market for steel in isoland: the world price and comparative advantage. Domestic price = opportunity cost of producing steel in isoland. World price = opportunity cost of producing steel abroad. If the world price > the domestic price, isoland should export steel. If the world price < the domestic price, isoland should import steel: the winners and losers from trade (i) the gains and losses of an exporting country.

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Related Questions

Question 1

  1. In 2003, the ________ ruled that U.S. tariffs on steel imported from the EU were unfair and allowed the EU to issue retaliatory tariffs on U.S. products.
       
    World Trade Organization
       
    United Nations
       
    European Central Bank
       
    International Human Rights Commission

Question 2

  1. The idea of the U.S.-Canadian Free-Trade Agreement that ________ barriers to trade including tariffs and quotas between the United States and Canada by 1998 was to increase the amount that the United States exports to Canada and the amount that the United States imports from Canada.
       
    increased all
       
    removed some
       
    removed all
       
    increased some

Question 3

  1. According to the theory of comparative advantage, a country should specialize and ________ goods with ________ opportunity cost.
       
    import; the lowest
       
    import; negative
       
    export; the lowest
       
    export; the highest

Question 4

  1. A quota is a restriction on imports.
    True
    False

    Question 5

    1. If Holland decreases subsidies to its tulip growers, the price of tulips in the United States will rise.
      True
      False

    Question 6

    1. According to comparative advantage, trade between two countries allows ________ of the trading countries to use its resources most efficiently.
         
      only the smaller
         
      only the larger
         
      neither
         
      each

    Question 7

    1. ________ U.S. president(s) who has/have held office since GATT was signed has argued for free-trade policies, yet each one has used his powers to protect various sectors of the economy.
         
      Only one
         
      No
         
      Every
         
      Only 3

    Question 8

    1. In 1991, the European Union began the process of forming the
         
      largest free-trade zone in the world.
         
      only continental military force in the world.
         
      first international trade agreement in the world.
         
      first unified currency in the world.

      1. Question 9

        1. The Smoot-Hawley tariff set off an international trade war in the
             
          1930s.
             
          1950s.
             
          1970s.
             
          1990s.



          Please help me with these questions Thank you.

Q2. (35 points) The following table shows the output of textile and auto one unit of labor can produce in the U.K. and the U.S.:

Textiles

Autos

United Kingdom

16

4

United States

6

3

A)Which country has an absolute advantage in textiles and which country has an absolute advantage in autos?

B)What is the autarky price ratio of autos relative to textiles in each country?

C)Which country has a comparative advantage in textiles and which country has a comparative advantage in autos?

D)Which product should each country export?

E)Suppose the United States has 300 units of labor available. Construct the production-possibilities frontier (PPF) and identify the optimal autarky equilibrium (using an indifference curve) for the United States.

F)Suppose the international price is set at 1 auto:3 units of textile and the U.S. decides to completely specialize at producing the product in which it has a comparative advantage. How would the above graph change? Use the graph to show the gains from trade and the export and import quantities. For each unit of export good, how much does the U.S. gain (measured in terms of the other good)?

G)Discussion: At what level of international price ratio will all the benefits from trade accrue to the United States?

Your answer:

Fill in the blanks. In case you get stuck, I’ve provided a list of all the missing words in alphabetical order at the end of the question. According to David Ricardo’s model, the pattern of trade between nations is determined by the distribution of ______________________ advantage. Unlike the ______________________ advantages described by Smith, Ricardo’s explanation allows for trade between partners in which one nation has superior ______________________ in the manufacture of all goods. That’s because Ricardo’s principle rests on the economic concept of ______________________ (defined as the amount of good Y that must be sacrificed when the nation produces a unit of good X) which can never be concentrated in just one nation. The model is usually specified with barter-style trade, meaning that we use ______________________ rather than ______________________ prices for the tradable goods. The price of each good on international markets must be higher than ______________________ in the exporting countries and lower than ______________________ in the importing countries. Although all parties can benefit from trade, there is no reason to think that they benefit equally. The ______________________ are derived from the difference between the opportunity costs of production in each nation and then distributed between participating nations according to the market price. As the price of a nation’s ______________________ good rises, it receives a larger share of the gains from trade, and we say that its ______________________ are appreciating. However, nations that ______________________ this good will receive a smaller share of the benefits from trade.

Absolute

Comparative

Export

Gains from trade

Import

Max WTP

Min WTA

Money

Opportunity cost

Productivity

Relative

Terms of trade