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BIOL 1030 Lecture Notes - Lecture 35: Tropical Rainforest, Cellular Respiration, Rhizobium

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apricototter843
7 May 2018
School
University of Manitoba
Department
Biological Sciences
Course
BIOL 1030
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All

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BIOLOGY 1030 - KEVIN SCOTT and CARLA ZELMER - WINTER 2018 - Lectures 35-36!
Lecture 35: Ecology (part I)!
-Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment!
•Abiotic; non-living components of an ecosystem!
•Biotic; living components of an ecosystem!
-Levels of organization:
•Individual organisms!
•Population of the same species in a specific geographical area!
•Community of all species and populations within a specific area!
•Ecosystem, interactions of the community with both abiotic and biotic components!
Trophic (feeding) structure describes how energy is transferred from organism to!
organism within an ecosystem.!
#Trophic levels:!
•Producer: consists of photosynthetic organisms, autotrophs that convert light (solar)
energy into carbohydrates and oxygen. !
-Plants (land and aquatic), algae (green), cyanobacteria!
•Heterotrophs: consumers that feed either directly or indirectly on plants!
-Primary consumer, herbivores feed directly on plants!
-cattle, zebra, zooplankton!
-Secondary consumer, carnivores that feed on primary consumers !
-humans feed on cattle; lions feed on zebras; hydras feed on zooplankton !
-Tertiary consumer, carnivores that feed on other carnivores!
-Owls feeding on weasels, fed on mice, fed on plant material (owls can also eat
mice)!
-Omnivores, such as bears can feed on berries (plants) or rabbits!
•Decomposers: detritivores are heterotrophs that get their food from detritus (non-living
organisms, dead organisms from all trophic levels). Playing a large role in the cycle of
nutrients.!
-Feces or non-digested material, leaf litter, wood. !
Linear chains do not show how higher-level consumers can feed on lower levels, not accurately
showing the interaction between the trophic levels!
#Food Webs are non-linear diagrams of an ecosystem’s food chain. !
Ecosystem functions:!
-Energy flow!
-Nutrient cycling!
-Energy flow is unidirectional within an ecosystem, following thermodynamic conservation.!
•Energy enters an ecosystem through the producers’ absorption of light in photosynthesis. !
•As energy conversions are not 100% efficient, where 60% of the energy is lost as
heat, the amount absorbed by the producers limits the total energy at the disposal of the
ecosystem. !
•Solar energy is converted into carbohydrates by the producers!
•Primary producers are eaten by primary consumers, which are then eaten by higher level
consumers !
•When organisms die, they are directed to the detritus pool and are at the disposal of the
microorganisms and detritivores!
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Biology 1030 - kevin scott and carla zelmer - winter 2018 - lectures 35-36. Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment: abiotic; non-living components of an ecosystem, biotic; living components of an ecosystem. Levels of organization: individual organisms, population of the same species in a speci c geographical area, community of all species and populations within a speci c area, ecosystem, interactions of the community with both abiotic and biotic components. Trophic (feeding) structure describes how energy is transferred from organism to organism within an ecosystem. Trophic levels: producer: consists of photosynthetic organisms, autotrophs that convert light (solar) energy into carbohydrates and oxygen. Plants (land and aquatic), algae (green), cyanobacteria: heterotrophs: consumers that feed either directly or indirectly on plants. Primary consumer, herbivores feed directly on plants. Secondary consumer, carnivores that feed on primary consumers. Humans feed on cattle; lions feed on zebras; hydras feed on zooplankton. Tertiary consumer, carnivores that feed on other carnivores.

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Related Questions

It's a quiz for my life science class.

QUESTION 1

Organisms that have descended from the same initial group and have the ability to interbreed belong to the same

A.

species.
B.

family.
C.

class.
D.

genus.
E.

order.

5 points

QUESTION 2

The simplest entity that exhibits all of the properties of life is called a(n)

A.

molecule.
B.

cell.
C.

organism.
D.

tissue.

5 points

QUESTION 3

In populations, adaptation usually arises through

A.

responsiveness.
B.

heredity.
C.

metabolism.
D.

natural selection.
E.

development.

5 points

QUESTION 4

Scientists have found that ancient fossils

A.

are less similar to present-day organisms than more recent fossils.
B.

are just as similar to present-day organisms as more recent fossils.
C.

are more similar to present-day organisms than more recent fossils.
D.

are very similar to present-day organisms.
E.

bear no resemblance to present-day organisms.

5 points

QUESTION 5

What is the term that describes the study of the relationship between living things and components of their environment?

A.

herpetology
B.

analogy
C.

zoology
D.

ecology
E.

ichnology

5 points

QUESTION 6

Characteristics usually associated with life include all of the following except:

A.

motility.
B.

a high degree of organization.
C.

lack of change from generation to generation.
D.

reproduction.
E.

responsiveness to stimuli.

5 points

QUESTION 7

The scientific name for the black-footed ferret is Mustela nigripes. The name Mustela indicates the _____________________ to which the organisms belongs.

A.

phylum
B.

class
C.

family
D.

species
E.

genus

5 points

QUESTION 8

Which of the following is considered to be the most basic living unit?

A.

organ system
B.

molecule
C.

organelle
D.

cell
E.

tissue

5 points

QUESTION 9

Which of the following concepts best describes the wide variety of dog species we observe, ranging from the domesticated golden retriever or the basset hound, to the wild dogs of Africa, to foxes?

A.

preadaptation
B.

special creation
C.

inheritance of acquired characteristics.
D.

taxonomy
E.

evolution

5 points

QUESTION 10

If an ecologist is studying the cycling of carbon through a particular environment (which involes the movement of carbon through living things as well as through rock, air, and water), the scientist is studying at what level of ecology?

A.

organismal
B.

community
C.

ecosystem
D.

population
E.

biosphere

5 points

QUESTION 11

Which list is organized from smallest to largest level of organization of life?

A.

organisms, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles
B.

organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
C.

organelles, tissues, cells, organ systems, organs, organisms
D.

tissues, cells, organelles, organs, organ systems, organisms
E.

cells, tissues, organ systems, organelles, organs, organisms

5 points

QUESTION 12

When examining the hierarchy of life, which of the following terms is most inclusive?

A.

biosphere
B.

population
C.

species
D.

ecosystem

5 points

QUESTION 13

The units of inheritance are

A.

evolutions.
B.

heredities.
C.

genes
D.

twins.
E.

metabolic activities.

5 points

QUESTION 14

Organisms that undergo asexual reproduction

A.

require another organism to reproduce.
B.

are usually very complex.
C.

produce offspring that are different from each other.
D.

do not require energy to reproduce.
E.

produce offspring that are identical to each other and to the parent.

5 points

QUESTION 15

All the living organisms in a particular area at a particular time make up a

A.

biosphere.
B.

community.
C.

biosystem.
D.

population.
E.

ecosystem.

5 points

QUESTION 16

The first step in the scientific method is to

A.

identify a problem.
B.

predict the results of an experiment.
C.

propose a solution.
D.

draw a conclusion.
E.

perform an experiment.

5 points

QUESTION 17

Young multicelled organisms usually start out small, then grow in size, and increase in complexity. This process is called:

A.

heredity.
B.

metabolism.
C.

development.
D.

evolution.
E.

heredity.

5 points

QUESTION 18

To maintain order within their cells and organs, all living things must

A.

carry on metabolism.
B.

reproduce.
C.

constantly change.
D.

be able to move.
E.

extract energy from sunlight.

5 points

QUESTION 19

Which of the following includes Highest levels of hierarchy?

A.

family
B.

phylum
C.

domain
D.

kingdom
E.

order

5 points

QUESTION 20

Fungi are classified into which domain?

A.

Archaea
B.

Eukarya
C.

Bacteria
D.

Fungi
Question1.1. Accidental alterationsduring DNA replication that give rise to variations in organismsare __________. (Points : 1)
adaptive traits
mutations
symbioses
random distributions
Question2.2. The largest reservoir ofcarbon in the carbon cycle is comprised of _________. (Points :1)
freshwater systems andoceans
plants and animals
sedimentary rock andfossil fuels
atmosphere
Question3.3. The principle of utility________. (Points : 1)
holds that any naturalresource should be available for use in manufacturing
holds that something isright when it produces the greatest benefit for the greatest numberof people
is not an ethicalstandard
cannot be used toestimate the value of natural resources
Question4.4. The two processes thatdetermine current biodiversity on a global scale are __________.(Points : 1)
allopatric speciation andimmigration
mutation and habitatselection
mutation and globalclimate change
extinction andspeciation
Question5.5. The conservation ethicholds that we should ________. (Points : 1)
exploit natural resourcesfor economic gain regardless of sustainability
be prudent and efficientin the use of natural resources
consider the environmentthe ultimate servant of mankind
maintain the environmentin a pristine, unaltered state
Question6.6. The preservation ethicholds that we should ________. (Points : 1)
be responsible for wisemanagement while using natural resources
protect areas againstdevelopment while allowing public access
harvest naturalresources
maintain the naturalenvironment in a pristine, unaltered state
Question7.7. Trophic levels and foodchains diagram __________. (Points : 1)
logistic curves
energy flow in anecosystem
population density
natural resourcefluctuations
Question8.8. A hypothesis is ________.(Points : 1)
a prediction
an educated guess thatexplains a phenomenon or answers a question
an instrument that isused to examine environmental conditions
the design of anexperiment that can be used for the process of science
Question9.9. A biocentric view of theworld emphasizes ________. (Points : 1)
the role of corporationsin environmental law
the importance ofconsidering environmental impacts on all living things
the importance ofeconomics in environmental decisions
the dual-natured view ofhumans and animals as environmental controls
Question10.10. Malthus was responsiblefor ________. (Points : 1)
the book The PopulationBomb that described the disastrous effects of human populationgrowth
the idea that theincrease in human population would lead to famine and war
the concept that humanpopulation growth would lead to greater industry and prosperitythrough education
instituting fertilizeruse for agriculture
Question11.11. Ecology is ________.(Points : 1)
the study of how to solveenvironmental problems
the study of organismsand their interactions with each other and the environment
a subfield ofenvironmentalism
the study of the E. colifamily of bacteria
Question12.12. The scientific processis based on ________. (Points : 1)
observations thatresearchers keep in a scientific journal
testing hypotheses builton observation, and revising them based on results
intuitive understandingof natural laws and processes
the ancient writings ofHeraclitus
Question13.13. Which of the followingis an abiotic factor? (Points : 1)
Amphibians
Wood
Mammals
Water
Question14.14. In environmentalscience, "carrying capacity" means the ___________. (Points :1)
maximum population sizethat a given environment can sustain
average number of viableoffspring produced within a population
potential number ofspecies in a given area
limitation on the numberof species in an ecosystem
Question15.15. The Cuyahoga River madepeople aware of environmental problems because __________. (Points: 1)
people in manycommunities became sick when using water from the river
the drinking water inelementary schools near the river became contaminated
the river caught onfire
the river stoppedsupporting any plant or animal life
Question16.16. The conversion processwhere nitrogen gas combines with hydrogen to form ammonium ions,which is accomplished through the intense energy of lightening orwhen air in the top layer of soil comes into contact with certainbacteria, is known as ________. (Points : 1)
the carbon cycle
nitrogen fixation
ionic conversation
bacterial ionization
Question17.17. The fresh water wedepend on for survival accounts for approximately __________ of allwater on Earth. (Points : 1)
two-thirds
one-third
10%
3%
Question18.18. A paradigm is ________.(Points : 1)
a group of severalhypotheses that can be tested together
a dominant view inscience
the same as ahypothesis
synonymous with thescientific method
Question19.19. The degree of disorderin a substance, system, or process is called ________. (Points :1)
chaos
entropy
energy
electricity
Question20.20. A population is definedas ___________. (Points : 1)
a group of individuals ofmultiple, interacting species that live in a particular area
a group of similarspecies that inhabit various ecosystems
a group of individuals ofa single species inhabiting a particular area
(crude birth rate +immigration rate) - (crude death rate - emigration rate)