BIOL 1030 Lecture : BIOL Laboratory Notes (Lab 1 and 2)
7 May 2018
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Lab 1 - Animal Diversity I
!Protists are all organisms that have eukaryotic cells and based on a unicellular or single
celled body plan. They were once considered their own phylum, but are now considered a
clade that are ancestral to more complex organisms"
!Protozoa are the group of animal-like protists (protozoans), and can live in fresh, marine
and brackish waters; in hot springs, salt pools, acidic bogs, soil, sludge and sewage - some
living as parasites infecting many animals, causing diseases."
Supergroup: Unikonta-Amoebozoans
Locomotion (slow), feeding primarily on other protozoans (amoeba)"
!Supergroup: SAR-Ciliates"
Locomotion patterns of forward, rotating and swerving, feeding on bacteria and other
protozoans (Paramecium); macro-nucleus, micronucleus, oral groove, gullet, contractile
vacuoles and cilia. "
!Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Porifera"
Simple multicellular animals, asymmetrical, extracellular digestion of feeding filtered nutrients
(sponges, Grantia)."
!Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Cnidaria
Radially symmetrical organisms with tentacles, either living in polyp (sessile) form or as medusa
(free-swimming)
Hydrozoa: the basic form is in polyp, composed of two cell layers with a layer of non-cellular
material in between, mesoglea and is not equivalent to mesoderm."
Anthozoa: dominant polyp stage, often seen as attached to the substrate (sea anemone)."
Scyphozoa: dominant medusa stage (jelly fish)."
!Deuterostomes: indeterminate and radial cleavage, the position of the blastopore
corresponds to the position of the anus in the adult, with a true coelom that arises as out-
punchings from embryonic mesoderm and the larvae of each group showing certain
similarities. "
!Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Echinodermata
Marine organisms possessing spiny skin, displaying primarily bilateral symmetry in both
embryonic and larval stages, developing into adults the organism becomes pentaradially
symmetrical. Echinodermata have a unique water vessel system in which nutrients and such
circulate in the organism’s body."
!Asteroidea (starfish and relatives): a central disc where five arms radiate out from, the
oral/ventral surface of each arm having grooves extending outward from the mouth, with tube
feet running from the floor of the grooves (highly contractile tubes that terminate in sucker
disks. These are used to attach to substrate and facilitate locomotion of the organism. The
opposite side, the aboral/dorsal side being a spiny surface made of calcareous plate laying
underneath the integument. The madreporite is a small porous button-like structure at one side
of the aboral surface, the anus located near the centre of the disc. ! ! ! !
!!Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata
Have a structure equivalent to a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, the presence of
pharyngeal gill arches, and a post anal tail."
!Cephalochordata (Amphioxus, Branchiostoma): have a highly developed notochord,
a hollow dorsal nerve cord but no true brain and a digestive tract consisting of a straight tube.
Their pharynx is specialized for use in food collection"
!Urochordata (Tunicates, or sea squirts): Have gill pouches (slits), notochord and a
dorsal nerve cord. These are rather small, sessile marine organisms, as adults they appear as a
formless lump attached to a rock or other underwater object and covered with a leathery
looking “tunic”. The only external structural features are an opening at the top, into which water
passes, and another lateral opening through which the water current flows outwards. There is
no notochord or a nerve cord; there is a simple nerve ganglion with a few nerves splaying out
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BIOL 1030 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary
Protists are all organisms that have eukaryotic cells and based on a unicellular or single. Lab 1 - animal diversity i celled body plan. Protozoa are the group of animal-like protists (protozoans), and can live in fresh, marine. Locomotion (slow), feeding primarily on other protozoans (amoeba) Locomotion patterns of forward, rotating and swerving, feeding on bacteria and other protozoans (paramecium); macro-nucleus, micronucleus, oral groove, gullet, contractile vacuoles and cilia. Simple multicellular animals, asymmetrical, extracellular digestion of feeding ltered nutrients (sponges, grantia). Radially symmetrical organisms with tentacles, either living in polyp (sessile) form or as medusa (free-swimming) Hydrozoa: the basic form is in polyp, composed of two cell layers with a layer of non-cellular material in between, mesoglea and is not equivalent to mesoderm. Anthozoa: dominant polyp stage, often seen as attached to the substrate (sea anemone). Marine organisms possessing spiny skin, displaying primarily bilateral symmetry in both embryonic and larval stages, developing into adults the organism becomes pentaradially symmetrical.
