BIOL 1030 Lecture Notes - Nuclear Membrane, Eukaryote, Heterocyst
7 May 2018
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Lectures 19-22: Microorganisms, prokaryotes, fungi, algae (6.1, 27.1, 27.3-5, 28.1-3, 28.5, 28.7,
31.1-2, 31.4-5)!
Lecture 19: Microorganisms
3 Kingdoms: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya (mostly unicellular, but evolve into multicellular
organisms"
Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea!
-Plasma membrane (all cells)!
-Naked DNA (not all cells) have no nuclear membrane, occur as rings in the cytoplasm!
-Ribosomes are different in structure or composition than those of Eukaryotes !
-Cell wall composition is unique to prokaryotes (peptidoglycan in bacteria)!
•Bacterial cell wall is made of proteins and carbohydrates and their synthesis is inhibited by
drugs (penicillin); disrupts binary fission (reproduction stage). !
-Binary Fission: different from mitosis!
-Lack of membrane bound organelles: no Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum,
chloroplasts.!
Capsule, polysaccharide: stick together to a substrate (with a slime layer)!
Plasmid, circle loops of DNA!
Nucleoid, circular DNA!
"Motile by means of flagellum (with a motor to rotate the flagellum).!
Bacteria: have a single type of RNA polymerase. Growth inhibited by antibiotics.!
•Cocci (coccus): can associate in numbers (~0.5 micrometers)!
•Bacilli (bacillus): can form chains (~1.4 micrometers)!
•Spirochete: spiral-like, lime disease!
-Proteobacteria (digested to become mitochondria): alpha, beta (nitrogen fixers), Gamma
(sulfur), delta, epsilon (pathogens in animals)!
-Chlamydias: parasites!
-Spirochetes: free-living !
-Cyanobacteria: plant-like photosynthesis (blue-green ‘algae’, photosynthetic Anabaena)!
-Gram-positive: mycoplasma!
Anabaena filament, biofilm: consists of many small photosynthetic cells, with pigments
attached on the membrane and fewer larger heterocyst that function as metabolic cooperation
by nitrogen fixation, converting N2 gas into NH3 to be used in plants and then ingested by
animals.!
Archaea: grow at high temperatures, no peptidoglycan in cell wall, and several kinds of RNA
polymerase. Growth is not inhibited by the streptomycin and chloramphenicol.!
-Bacteria-like in form (by selection pressures) !
•Extremophiles (many species): will adapt to extreme conditions, high salinity and heat!
•Within reumen of cows!
•In termites, digest wood in the organism’s gut (4 known types)!
Eukaryotes: microscopic forms of fungi, algae, and other protists!
-Nucleus, non-circular DNA!
-Nuclear envelopes!
-Membrane bound organelles!
Fungi: diffuse filamentous body, both aquatic and terrestrial, cross-walls constructed by
filaments making up the body, in hyphae, mycelium.!
-Single-cell !
-Bread moulds!
-old, important to life 8capturing nutrients)!
-Mycelia!
-Clump fungus
find more resources at oneclass.com
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BIOL 1030 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary
Lectures 19-22: microorganisms, prokaryotes, fungi, algae (6. 1, 27. 1, 27. 3-5, 28. 1-3, 28. 5, 28. 7, 3 kingdoms: bacteria, archaea and eukarya (mostly unicellular, but evolve into multicellular organisms. Naked dna (not all cells) have no nuclear membrane, occur as rings in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are di erent in structure or composition than those of eukaryotes. Cell wall composition is unique to prokaryotes (peptidoglycan in bacteria: bacterial cell wall is made of proteins and carbohydrates and their synthesis is inhibited by drugs (penicillin); disrupts binary ssion (reproduction stage). Lack of membrane bound organelles: no golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts. Capsule, polysaccharide: stick together to a substrate (with a slime layer) Motile by means of agellum (with a motor to rotate the agellum). Bacteria: have a single type of rna polymerase. Growth inhibited by antibiotics: cocci (coccus): can associate in numbers (~0. 5 micrometers, bacilli (bacillus): can form chains (~1. 4 micrometers, spirochete: spiral-like, lime disease.
