ZOO 2090 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Reptile, Monophyly, Vertebrate
1 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
ZOO2090 – Chordata & Close Relatives
Important Concepts:
• To understand a structure: function, ancestry & adaptation
• Novel/derived character adaptation environment
• Retention of ancestral characters phylogenetic inertia history
Homology vs. Analogy
• Homology
o Structure/character is derived from shared ancestry
o Ex. Human hands, bird wings and dolphin flippers are homologous as forelimbs
o Evidence: fossil record, same embryonic precursor, phylogenetic comparison
• Analogy
o Structure/character has same function without shared ancestry
o Ex. Insect and bird wings
Phylogeny & Monophyly
• Phylogeny – genealogy (historical relationships) of a species or higher taxa
• *Monophyletic group – includes most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants
• Paraphyletic group – includes common ancestor without all descendants
• Polyphyletic group – does not include any common ancestors
• Classification is based on monophyletic groups
• *reptilia is not a monophyletic group (aves and mammalia)
Classifying Humans:
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Subphylum: Vertebrata
• Class: Mammalia
• Order: Primates
• Family: Hominidae
• Subfamily: Hominiae
• Genus: Homo
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