PSYC 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Sensory Memory, Psych, Introjection
14 Jun 2018
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Tuesday, October 31, 2017
Psych midterm 2
Remembering and Forgetting
The Atkinson-Shriffrin Model
-stores retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose; they
essentially serve the same purpose as hard drives serve for a computer.
-three stores:
•sensory memory
•short term memory
•long term memory
-control processes shift information from one memory store to another.
-information enters the sensory memory store though vision, hearing and the control
process (attention) selects which information will be passed on to STM.
-some information in STM goes through encoding, the process of storing information in
the LTM system.
-Retrieval brings information from LTM back into STM; this happens when you become
aware of existing memories.
Sensory Memory is a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a
very brief amount of time
Iconic Memory; the visual form of sensory memory, is held for about one-half to one
second.
Echoic Memory, the auditory form of sensory memory, is held for considerably longer,
but still only for about five seconds.
Short Term Memory is a memory store with limited capacity and duration (less than a
minute).
•STM can rehearse only seven units of information at once before forgetting
something.
!1
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Tuesday, October 31, 2017
Chunking- organizing smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units.
•Ex: 2268086530
•Ex: 226 808 6530
Long Term Memory holds information for extended periods of time, if not permanently.
-information divided into two ways.
•one way is based on the semantic categories that the items belong to. (the mental
representation of cat would be connected to and stored near the mental
representation of other animals)
•LTM is also organized based on the sounds of the word and on how the word looks.
(tip of the tongue (TOT) phenomenon, which you are able to retrieve similar
sounding words or words that start with the same letter but can’t quite retrieve the
word you actually want)
Proactive Interference- a process in which the first information learned (eg. in a list of
words) occupies memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember the newer
information.
The last few items on the list create retroactive interference- the most recently learned
information overshadows some older memories that have not yet made it into long term
memory.
•These two types of interference would result in poor memory performance for items
in the middle of the list.
-STM deficits can occur after damage to the lower portions of the temporal and
parietal lobes, as well as the lateral (outside) areas of the frontal lobes.
-Damage to the hippocampus will prevent the transfer of memories from STM to LTM.
Storage- the time and manner in which information is retained between encoding and
retrieval.
Maintenance Rehearsal- prolonging exposure to information by repeating it- which
does relatively little to facilitate encoding that leads to the formation of long-term
memories.
Rehearsal- prolonging exposure to information by thinking about its meaning-
significantly improves the prices of encoding.
!2
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Tuesday, October 31, 2017
LOP framework (levels of processing)- beings with the understanding that our ability
to recall information is most directly related to how that information was initially
processed.
-Differences in processing can be described as a continuum ranging from shallow to
deep processing.
-Shallow Processing- superficial properties of a stimulus such as the sound or
spelling of a word.
-Deep Processing- related to an items meaning or function.
•Deep processing is associated with better retention and retrieval.
-Self Reference Effect- occurs when you think about information in terms of how it
relates to you or how it is useful to you.
Recognition- identifying a stimulus or piece of information when it is presented to you.
(identifying someone you know on the bus)
Recall- retrieving information when asked, but without that information being present
during the retrieval process (describing a friends appearance)
Retrieval is most effective when it occurs in the same context as encoding, a tendency
known as the encoding specificity principle.
-Context Dependant Memory- the idea that retrieval is more effective when it takes
place in the same physical setting (context) as encoding.
-Demonstrates that the characteristics of the environment can serve as retrieval cues
for memory.
-Context Dependant Forgetting- the change in the environment influenced the
forgetting. (going into a room to get something and forgetting)
-Context Reinstatement Effect- occurs when you return to the original location and
the memory suddenly comes back.
-Retrieval is more effective when your internal states matches the state you were in
during encoding.
Mood Dependant Learning- people remember better if their mood at retrieval matches
their mood during encoding.
-Emotion seems to act as a highlighter for memories, making them easier to retrieve
than neutral memories.
!3
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Document Summary
Stores retain information in memory without using it for any speci c purpose; they essentially serve the same purpose as hard drives serve for a computer. Three stores: sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory. Control processes shift information from one memory store to another. Information enters the sensory memory store though vision, hearing and the control process (attention) selects which information will be passed on to stm. Some information in stm goes through encoding, the process of storing information in the ltm system. Retrieval brings information from ltm back into stm; this happens when you become aware of existing memories. Sensory memory is a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time. Iconic memory; the visual form of sensory memory, is held for about one-half to one second. Echoic memory, the auditory form of sensory memory, is held for considerably longer, but still only for about ve seconds.
